ArticleBMJ open2023
Cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with medication adherence in western Kenya.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02501746 (Bridging Income Generation With Group Integrated Care), which is not on this map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Bridging Income Generation With Group Integrated Care (BIGPIC)
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Barriers to and enablers of adherence to the treatment of active drug-sensitive tuberculosis in people living with HIV: a mixed method systematic review.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Food insecurity is associated with greater difficulty accessing care among people living with HIV with or without comorbid non-communicable diseases in western Kenya.BMJ global health · 2024Trial
- Economic outcomes among microfinance group members receiving community-based chronic disease care: Cluster randomized trial evidence from Kenya.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Trial
- Medication Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Analysis of Gender and Urban-Rural Disparities.International journal of hypertension · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Adherence in Cardiovascular Diseases: Insights from the Patient and Physician-A Narrative Review.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- At a crossroads: confronting setbacks and advancing the 95-95-95 HIV targets in sub-Saharan Africa.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Review
- Medication adherence scales in non-communicable diseases: A scoping review of design gaps, constructs and validation processes.PloS one · 2025Article
- Barriers to Medication Adherence Among Patients with Non-Communicable Disease in North Wollo Zone Public Hospitals: Socio-Ecologic Perspective, 2023.Patient preference and adherence · 2024Article
- Managing diabetes and hypertension in western Kenya: A qualitative study of experiences of patients supported by the primary health integrated care for chronic conditions (PIC4C) model of care.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPoor medication adherence in low-income and middle-income countries is a major cause of suboptimal hypertension and diabetes control. We aimed to identify key factors associated with medication adherence in western Kenya, with a focus on cost-related and economic wealth factors.
settingWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of participants enrolled in the Bridging Income Generation with Group Integrated Care study in western Kenya.
participantsAll participants were ≥35 years old with either diabetes or hypertension who had been prescribed medications in the past 3 months. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline data included sociodemographic characteristics, wealth and economic status and medication adherence information. Predictors of medication adherence were separated into the five WHO dimensions of medication adherence: condition-related factors (comorbidities), patient-related factors (psychological factors, alcohol use), therapy-related factors (number of prescription medications), economic-related factors (monthly income, cost of transportation, monthly cost of medications) and health system-related factors (health insurance, time to travel to the health facility). A multivariable analysis, controlling for age and sex, was conducted to determine drivers of suboptimal medication adherence in each overarching category.
resultsThe analysis included 1496 participants (73.7% women) with a mean age of 60 years (range 35-97). The majority of participants had hypertension (69.2%), 8.8% had diabetes and 22.1% had both hypertension and diabetes. Suboptimal medication adherence was reported by 71.2% of participants. Economic factors were associated with medication adherence. In multivariable analysis that investigated specific subtypes of costs, transportation costs were found to be associated with worse medication adherence. In contrast, we found no evidence of association between monthly medication costs and medication adherence.
conclusionSuboptimal medication adherence is highly prevalent in Kenya, and primary-associated factors include costs, particularly indirect costs of transportation. Addressing all economic factors associated with medication adherence will be important to improve outcomes for non-communicable diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02501746.
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