ReviewFrontiers in medicine2023
How to calculate sample size in animal and human studies.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Bifidobacterium breve BBr60 Improves Metabolic Abnormalities by Regulating Gut Microbiota Balance in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mouse Model.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Effects of Nano Zinc Oxide Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Selected Metabolic Parameters During the Transition Period in Lacaune Ewes.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- A combination of artemisinin, moxidectin, and doxorubicin drugs can selectively and efficiently induce apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic and chronic myeloid leukemia cells in vitro and ex vivo.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Article
- Effects of adrenal ablation on blood pressure and target organ damage in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Molecular and immune profiling of colorectal polyps using FTIR microspectroscopy.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone attenuates amyloid deposition and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease models.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- LincRNA-EPS alleviates osteoclastogenesis under inflammatory microenvironment through preventing excessive iron metabolism.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome With MCC950 Improves Gut Health in Huntington's Disease Mice.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Identification of key influencing factors of health information literacy in COPD patients: a cross-sectional study using a random forest model.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- ProbioticVeterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Betaine, and L-Carnitine Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Obesity Biomarkers in Mice.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Inflammatory cytokines secreted from senescent periodontal ligament cells influence the osteocyte network in alveolar bone.JBMR plus · 2026Article
- Linc-ROR orchestrates autophagy suppression and marks gastric cancer via the miR-145-5p/CARMIL1 axis.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Article
- Article
- Scutellarein fromPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Causal effects of lipid-lowering drug targets on psychiatric disorders: A drug-target Mendelian randomization study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Multigenerational daytime-restricted feeding exacerbates irradiation-induced hepatic DNA damage and aging in mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Hepatoprotection by Naringin Nanoliposomes Against Nickel Toxicity Involves Antioxidant Reinforcement and Modulation of Nrf2, NF-κB, PI3K/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and Apoptotic Pathways.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
One of the most important statistical analyses when designing animal and human studies is the calculation of the required sample size. In this review, we define central terms in the context of sample size determination, including mean, standard deviation, statistical hypothesis testing, type I/II error, power, direction of effect, effect size, expected attrition, corrected sample size, and allocation ratio. We also provide practical examples of sample size calculations for animal and human studies based on pilot studies, larger studies similar to the proposed study-or if no previous studies are available-estimated magnitudes of the effect size per Cohen and Sawilowsky.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.