ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2023
Diet composition and energy intake in humans.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between nutritional factors and myopia in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- A Digital Toolkit for Weight Loss Maintenance in European Adults (NoHoW): 2×2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- Fat Amount Rather Than Fatty Acid Composition Influences Postprandial Hunger, Satiety and Attention in Men and Women with a Risk Phenotype for Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Randomized Crossover Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Energy intake is associated with dietary macronutrient densities: inversely with protein and monounsaturated fat and positively with polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate among postmenopausal females.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Review
- Effects of a "5 + 2" dietary management model on body composition and behavioral modification in Chinese children with obesity: a prospective, non-randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a New Tool for Assessing the Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods in Adult Population: GR-UPFAST.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025Article
- The Genetic Blueprint of Obesity: From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapies.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Review
- Research on the Optimization of Dietary Energy Supply in Growing and Fattening Pigs Under a Low-Temperature Environment.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Energy and Macronutrient Dietary Intakes of Vegetarian and Semi-Vegetarian Serbian Adults: Data from the EFSA EU Menu Food Consumption Survey (2017-2022).Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impaired metabolic flexibility to fasting is associated with increased ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Breaking down silos: the multifaceted nature of obesity and the future of weight management.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Absolute energy from fats and carbohydrates and the proportion of carbohydrates in the food supply have increased over 50 years. Dietary energy density (ED) is primarily decreased by the water and increased by the fat content of foods. Protein, carbohydrates and fat exert different effects on satiety or energy intake (EI) in the order protein > carbohydrates > fat. When the ED of different foods is equalized the differences between fat and carbohydrates are modest. Covertly increasing dietary ED with fat, carbohydrate or mixed macronutrients elevates EI, producing weight gain and vice versa. In more naturalistic situations where learning cues are intact, there appears to be greater compensation for the different ED of foods. There is considerable individual variability in response. Macronutrient-specific negative feedback models of EI regulation have limited capacity to explain how availability of cheap, highly palatable, readily assimilated, energy-dense foods lead to obesity in modern environments. Neuropsychological constructs including food reward (liking, wanting and learning), reactive and reflective decision making, in the context of asymmetric energy balance regulation, give more comprehensive explanations of how environmental superabundance of foods containing mixtures of readily assimilated fats and carbohydrates and caloric beverages elevate EI through combined hedonic, affective, cognitive and physiological mechanisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.