ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2023
Protein appetite as an integrator in the obesity system: the protein leverage hypothesis.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein oxidation in non-exercising healthy adults under varying dietary conditions: Physiological determinants, effects on fuel partitioning, and implications for body weight regulation.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2025Trial
- Macronutrient mixtures and interactions in health and disease.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Protein Decoys, Alcohol, and Energy Intake: Testing a Mechanistic-Ecological Model.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic risk: from evidence to policy.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Article
- Effect of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Alone or Combined With Tryptophan or Methionine on Appetite Control and Related Health Outcomes in Older Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- The Role of CP Level and Interaction with Antibiotics in the Post-Weaning Piglets' Diet: Growth Performance, Body Composition, Nutrient Digestion, and Intestinal Health.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Specific macronutrient clusters associated with lower mortality risk: Evidence from NHANES 1999-2018.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Maternal nutrition can rapidly rescue a nephron deficit in low birthweight offspring.npj metabolic health and disease · 2025Article
- The role of ultra-processed food in obesity.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Preferences for fat, sugar, and oral-sensory food qualities in monkeys and humans.Physiology & behavior · 2025Review
- Dietary Macronutrient Composition and Protein Concentration for Weight Loss Maintenance.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Impact of Varied Dietary Macronutrient Ratios on the Nutrition Status of Swiss Albino Mice.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Integrated behavioral and metabolically flexible responses of wild orangutans to ecologically driven dietary variation.Science advances · 2025Article
- Connectomics Reveals a Feed-Forward Swallowing Circuit Driving Protein Appetite.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Targeted cravings: Unraveling the drivers of nutrient-specific appetite.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2025Review
- Dietary macronutrient content and energy intake in the mouse: hedonic or homeostatic override?Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiome Diversity and Uric Acid in Serum and Urine.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Time to consider more than just calcium? The impact on protein, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and iodine intake of replacing cows' milk with plant-based milk-like drinks-an Australian usual intake dietary modelling study.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- High-protein diets reduce plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines following lipopolysaccharide challenge in Swiss Albino mice.PloS one · 2025Article
- On the pathogenesis of obesity: causal models and missing pieces of the puzzle.Nature metabolism · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the large volume and extensive range of obesity research, there is substantial disagreement on the causes and effective preventative strategies. We suggest the field will benefit from greater emphasis on integrative approaches that examine how various potential contributors interact, rather than regarding them as competing explanations. We demonstrate the application of nutritional geometry, a multi-nutrient integrative framework developed in the ecological sciences, to obesity research. Such studies have shown that humans, like many other species, regulate protein intake more strongly than other dietary components, and consequently if dietary protein is diluted there is a compensatory increase in food intake-a process called protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposes that the dilution of protein in modern food supplies by fat and carbohydrate-rich highly processed foods has resulted in increased energy intake through protein leverage. We present evidence for the PLH from a variety of sources (mechanistic, experimental and observational), and show that this mechanism is compatible with many other findings and theories in obesity research. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.