ArticleApoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death2023
SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein induces necroptosis and mediates inflammatory response in lung and colon cells through receptor interacting protein kinase 1.
Article in Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Death never dies: increasing impact of programmed cell death.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Article
- Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea-Virus-Induced Cell Death: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Strategies.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- The SARS-CoV-2 envelope PDZ binding motif acts as a virulence factor disrupting host's epithelial cell-cell junctions.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2025Article
- A cellular danse macabre: the choreography of programmed cell death.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Article
- Subcellular localization of SARS-CoV-2 E and 3a proteins along the secretory pathway.Journal of molecular histology · 2025Article
- Interplay of aurora kinase a functional residues and Epstein-barr Nuclear Antigen 1 in Epstein-barr virus associated Gastric cancer using AGS cells.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- MicroRNA-mediated regulation of the immune response in Calu-3 cells infected with a SARS-CoV-2 E gene variant.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- A narrative review on lung injury: mechanisms, biomarkers, and monitoring.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Review
- The role ofHeliyon · 2024Article
- Targeting necroptosis: a promising avenue for respiratory disease treatment.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Aurora Kinase A: Integrating Insights into Cancer, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases.Gut microbes reports · 2024Review
- Structural proteins of human coronaviruses: what makes them different?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein (E) is one of the crucial components in virus assembly and pathogenesis. The current study investigated its role in the SARS-CoV-2-mediated cell death and inflammation in lung and gastrointestinal epithelium and its effect on the gastrointestinal-lung axis. We observed that transfection of E protein increases the lysosomal pH and induces inflammation in the cell. The study utilizing Ethidium bromide/Acridine orange and Hoechst/Propidium iodide staining demonstrated necrotic cell death in E protein transfected cells. Our study revealed the role of the necroptotic marker RIPK1 in cell death. Additionally, inhibition of RIPK1 by its specific inhibitor Nec-1s exhibits recovery from cell death and inflammation manifested by reduced phosphorylation of NFκB. The E-transfected cells' conditioned media induced inflammation with differential expression of inflammatory markers compared to direct transfection in the gastrointestinal-lung axis. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 E mediates inflammation and necroptosis through RIPK1, and the E-expressing cells' secretion can modulate the gastrointestinal-lung axis. Based on the data of the present study, we believe that during severe COVID-19, necroptosis is an alternate mechanism of cell death besides ferroptosis, especially when the disease is not associated with drastic increase in serum ferritin.
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