ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2023
Immune checkpoint blockade induces distinct alterations in the microenvironments of primary and metastatic brain tumors.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatially-resolved single-cell imaging of melanoma brain metastases identifies localized immune patterns predictive of immune checkpoint blockade response.Neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Glioma Recurrence: A Study Integrating Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- PD-1 Blockade-Induced DKK1 Expression by CD8+ T Cells Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Permeabilization.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Immune Subtypes and Survival in Patients with Primary Glioma.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Astrocytes in neuroinflammation and brain cancer.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- PHF23-Related Prognostic Signature Modulates Immune Microenvironment and Promotes Tumor Malignancy in Glioma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A Case of Microwave Ablation Activating Immune Response in Pulmonary Metastases from Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2026Article
- Spatial Transcriptomic Landscape of Brain Metastases from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Comparison of Primary Tumor and Brain Metastases Using Spatial Analysis.Cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Synergy of radiotherapy, focused ultrasound, and immunotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptome data reveals age-related immune cell alterations in primary glioblastoma associated with prognosis.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Panmim: a resource of pan-cancer metastasis immune microenvironment.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Detection of Human Brain Cancers using Genomic and Immune Cell Characterization of Cerebrospinal Fluid through CSF-BAM.Cancer discovery · 2025Article
- Diffusion and contrast-enhancement MRI phenotypes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor exposure and with immune cell infiltration in brain metastases.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Clinical Features, Molecular Biology, and the Metastatic Microenvironment in Lung Cancer Brain Metastases: Implications for Treatment Decisions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Spatial omics technology potentially promotes the progress of tumor immunotherapy.British journal of cancer · 2025Review
- A Human Tumor-Immune Organoid Model of Glioblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- NK cells link immune-checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and response in melanoma brain metastases.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Integrative mapping of human CD8Nature methods · 2025Article
- CREB3L1 facilitates pancreatic tumor progression and reprograms intratumoral tumor-associated macrophages to shape an immunotherapy-resistance microenvironment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In comparison with responses in recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM), the intracranial response of brain metastases (BrM) to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is less well studied. Here, we present an integrated single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) study of 19 ICB-naive and 9 ICB-treated BrM samples from our own and published data sets. We compared them with our previously published scRNA-Seq data from rGBM and found that ICB led to more prominent T cell infiltration into BrM than rGBM. These BrM-infiltrating T cells exhibited a tumor-specific phenotype and displayed greater activated/exhausted features. We also used multiplex immunofluorescence and spatial transcriptomics to reveal that ICB reduced a distinct CD206+ macrophage population in the perivascular space, which may modulate T cell entry into BrM. Furthermore, we identified a subset of progenitor exhausted T cells that correlated with longer overall survival in BrM patients. Our study provides a comprehensive immune cellular landscape of ICB's effect on metastatic brain tumors and offers insights into potential strategies for improving ICB efficacy for brain tumor patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.