ArticleNature medicine2023
Sex differences in brain protein expression and disease.
Article in Nature medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chromosome X-wide association study in multiple system atrophy identifies sex-differential risk loci.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Proteogenomics in human populations.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Prenatal cannabis exposure affects human fetal neurodevelopment: an integrated multi-omics study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Characterizing the impact of plasma protein levels on human brain structure and disorders leveraging integrative multi-omics analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex-stratified insights into the genetics of brain volumes in late adulthood.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- BMI-genome interactions regulate global gene expression with emphasis in brain and gut.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- Pharmacokinetics and concentration-behavioral effect relationships differ between brain subcompartments.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- CSF proteome-wide study of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex-biased Genetic Risk Loci and Causal Brain Proteins in Parkinson's Disease.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Integrating Multi-Omics Summary Data Identifies Candidate Molecular Mechanisms for Major Depression.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- Leveraging the genetics of psychiatric disorders to prioritize potential drug targets and compounds.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Single-cell multi-omic integration analysis prioritizes druggable genes and reveals cell-type-specific causal effects in glioblastomagenesis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Schizophrenia risk gene ZNF804A controls ribosome localization and synaptogenesis in developing human neurons.Science advances · 2026Article
- Proteomic analysis in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a focus on sex-specific differences.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Genetic and Proteomic Investigation of the Smoking-Parkinson's Disease Association.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Concordance of cortical morphological anomalies with genetic predisposition to multisite chronic pain in females.The Korean journal of pain · 2026Article
- Understanding Neurodegenerative Diseases From the -Omics Perspective: Lessons Learnt.Annals of neurology · 2026Review
- Integrative Multi-Omics Mendelian Randomization Reveals Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- OMG! A proteomic determinant of neurodegenerative resiliency.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2026Article
- Plasma proteome adaptations during feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy.Nature medicine · 2026Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Most complex human traits differ by sex, but we have limited insight into the underlying mechanisms. Here, we investigated the influence of biological sex on protein expression and its genetic regulation in 1,277 human brain proteomes. We found that 13.2% (1,354) of brain proteins had sex-differentiated abundance and 1.5% (150) of proteins had sex-biased protein quantitative trait loci (sb-pQTLs). Among genes with sex-biased expression, we found 67% concordance between sex-differentiated protein and transcript levels; however, sex effects on the genetic regulation of expression were more evident at the protein level. Considering 24 psychiatric, neurologic and brain morphologic traits, we found that an average of 25% of their putatively causal genes had sex-differentiated protein abundance and 12 putatively causal proteins had sb-pQTLs. Furthermore, integrating sex-specific pQTLs with sex-stratified genome-wide association studies of six psychiatric and neurologic conditions, we uncovered another 23 proteins contributing to these traits in one sex but not the other. Together, these findings begin to provide insights into mechanisms underlying sex differences in brain protein expression and disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.