ArticlePloS one2023
Risk factors for late (28+ weeks' gestation) stillbirth in the United States, 2014-2015.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal and early childhood health and social outcomes of migrants in high-income countries and the impact of policies that restrict access to healthcare; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of migration and health · 2026Review
- Gestational diabetes and stillbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- How AI can be used to promote public and population health.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Review
- Increased Stillbirth Rates and Exposure to Environmental Risk Factors for Stillbirth in Counties with Higher Social Vulnerability: United States, 2015-2018.Maternal and child health journal · 2024Article
- Improved estimation of the relationship between fetal growth and late stillbirth in the United States, 2014-15.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the United States (US) late stillbirth (at 28 weeks or more of gestation) occurs in 3/1000 births.
aimWe examined risk factors for late stillbirth with the specific goal of identifying modifiable factors that contribute substantially to stillbirth burden.
settingAll singleton births in the US for 2014-2015.
methodsWe used a retrospective population-based design to assess the effects of multiple factors on the risk of late stillbirth in the US. Data were drawn from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention live birth and fetal death data files.
resultsThere were 6,732,157 live and 18,334 stillbirths available for analysis (late stillbirth rate = 2.72/1000 births). The importance of sociodemographic determinants was shown by higher risks for Black and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander mothers compared with White mothers, mothers with low educational attainment, and older mothers. Among modifiable risk factors, delayed/absent prenatal care, diabetes, hypertension, and maternal smoking were associated with increased risk, though they accounted for only 3-6% of stillbirths each. Two factors accounted for the largest proportion of late stillbirths: high maternal body mass index (BMI; 15%) and infants who were small for gestational age (38%). Participation in the supplemental nutrition for women, infants and children program was associated with a 28% reduction in overall stillbirth burden.
conclusionsThis study provides population-based evidence for stillbirth risk in the US. A high proportion of late stillbirths was associated with high maternal BMI and small for gestational age, whereas participation in supplemental nutrition programs was associated with a large reduction in stillbirth burden. Addressing obesity and fetal growth restriction, as well as broadening participation in nutritional supplementation programs could reduce late stillbirths.
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