Dopamine Release Plateau and Outcome Signals in Dorsal Striatum Contrast with Classic Reinforcement Learning Formulations.

We recorded dopamine release signals in medial and lateral sectors of the striatum as mice learned consecutive visual cue-outcome conditioning tasks including cue association, cue discrimination, reversal, and probabilistic discrimination task versions. Dopamine release responses in medial and lateral sites exhibited learning-related changes within and across phases of acquisition. These were different for the medial and lateral sites. In neither sector could these be accounted for by classic reinforcement learning as applied to dopamine-containing neuron activity. Cue responses ranged from initial sharp peaks to modulated plateau responses. In the medial sector, outcome (reward) responses during cue conditioning were minimal or, initially, negative. By contrast, in lateral sites, strong, transient dopamine release responses occurred at both cue and outcome. Prolonged, plateau release responses to cues emerged in both regions when discriminative behavioral responses became required. In most sites, we found no evidence for a transition from outcome to cue signaling, a hallmark of temporal difference reinforcement learning as applied to midbrain dopamine activity. These findings delineate reshaping of dopamine release activity during learning and suggest that current views of reward prediction error encoding need review to accommodate distinct learning-related spatial and temporal patterns of striatal dopamine release in the dorsal striatum.