SynthesisMolecular psychiatry2023
Cortical morphology in patients with the deficit and non-deficit syndrome of schizophrenia: a worldwide meta- and mega-analyses.
Synthesis in Molecular psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Altered neurodevelopmental trajectories of brain structure in Tourette syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Trajectories of Cortical Folding in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A 13-Year Follow-Up Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- A Systematic Review of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Literature Investigating the Deficit Syndrome in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2026Article
- Subtyping schizophrenia via machine learning by using structural neuroimaging.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Neuroanatomical Correlates of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Fronto-occipital dyscommunication associates with brain hierarchy in schizophrenia.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Update on Research Assessment and the Current and Upcoming Treatment Landscape.CNS drugs · 2025Review
- Cortical microstructural changes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders using quantitative T1 mapping.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neurostructural subgroup in 4291 individuals with schizophrenia identified using the subtype and stage inference algorithm.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Analysis of the status quo and clinical influencing factors of the social cognitive impairment in deficit schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Two neurostructural subtypes: results of machine learning on brain images from 4,291 individuals with schizophrenia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
42 authors at 20 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that schizophrenia (SZ) with primary, enduring negative symptoms (i.e., Deficit SZ (DSZ)) represents a distinct entity within the SZ spectrum while the neurobiological underpinnings remain undetermined. In the largest dataset of DSZ and Non-Deficit (NDSZ), we conducted a meta-analysis of data from 1560 individuals (168 DSZ, 373 NDSZ, 1019 Healthy Controls (HC)) and a mega-analysis of a subsampled data from 944 individuals (115 DSZ, 254 NDSZ, 575 HC) collected across 9 worldwide research centers of the ENIGMA SZ Working Group (8 in the mega-analysis), to clarify whether they differ in terms of cortical morphology. In the meta-analysis, sites computed effect sizes for differences in cortical thickness and surface area between SZ and control groups using a harmonized pipeline. In the mega-analysis, cortical values of individuals with schizophrenia and control participants were analyzed across sites using mixed-model ANCOVAs. The meta-analysis of cortical thickness showed a converging pattern of widespread thinner cortex in fronto-parietal regions of the left hemisphere in both DSZ and NDSZ, when compared to HC. However, DSZ have more pronounced thickness abnormalities than NDSZ, mostly involving the right fronto-parietal cortices. As for surface area, NDSZ showed differences in fronto-parietal-temporo-occipital cortices as compared to HC, and in temporo-occipital cortices as compared to DSZ. Although DSZ and NDSZ show widespread overlapping regions of thinner cortex as compared to HC, cortical thinning seems to better typify DSZ, being more extensive and bilateral, while surface area alterations are more evident in NDSZ. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that DSZ and NDSZ are characterized by different neuroimaging phenotypes, supporting a nosological distinction between DSZ and NDSZ and point toward the separate disease hypothesis.
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