ArticleCell journal2023
β-Sitosterol Inhibits The Proliferation of Endometrial Cells via Regulating Smad7-Mediated TGF-β/Smads Signaling Pathway.
Article in Cell journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of TGF-β superfamily in endometriosis: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Therapeutic potential of β-sitosterol in methotrexate-induced liver injury: association with STING and ERK-1 pathways.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Tubal Patency Decoction and Its Ingredient β-Sitosterol Alleviate Tubal Infertility by Inhibiting Inflammation and Promoting Cilia Formation Through PGR.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Natural products modulate programmed cell death signaling mechanism for treating endometriosis: a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of cell migration and invasion in endometriosis: Advances in pharmacological research (Review).Biomedical reports · 2025Review
- Endometriosis-like lesions induced by phthalates: new phytotherapic applications to complement traditional cares: a PNRR 2023 project.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Ethnopharmacological insights into uterine fibroids: a review of etiology, and therapeutic potential of natural products.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the effect of β-sitosterol on endometrial cells to understand the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis is a laboratory-based experimental study conducted on animals and cells. Histological assays were performed to determine the effect of β-sitosterol on endometrial cells. The CCK-8 assay was used to assess the inhibitory effect of β-sitosterol on the proliferation of ectopic endometrial stromal cells (hEM15A). Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the induction of apoptosis by β-sitosterol in hEM15A cells. The transwell invasion assay was conducted to measure the suppression of hEM15A cell migration by β-sitosterol. Western blot analyses were performed to analyze the effect of β-sitosterol on the expression of Smad family member 7 (Smad7) and the activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), as well as the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3.
resultsHistological assays showed that β-sitosterol regulates histopathology and induces apoptosis of endometrial cells in vivo. The CCK-8 assay revealed that β-sitosterol could inhibit the proliferation of hEM15A in human endometriosis patients. Flow cytometry showed that apoptosis was triggered by β-sitosterol in hEM15A. The transwell invasion assay indicated that the hEM15A migration under the β-sitosterol treatment group was suppressed. Western blot analyses suggested that β-sitosterol increased the expression of Smad7, decreased the activity of TGF-β1, and reduced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. The effect of β-sitosterol was weakened by the silence of Smad7.
conclusionThe results suggest that β-sitosterol can inhibit the proliferation of endometrial cells and relieve endometriosis by inhibiting TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smads through regulation of Smad7.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.