Trial reportNature medicine2023
Pay-it-forward incentives for hepatitis virus testing in men who have sex with men: a cluster randomized trial.
Trial report in Nature medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Impact of Behavioural Economics-Informed Interventions on the Care Cascade for Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Pooled it
- Motivations, Facilitators, and Barriers of Donation-Based Interventions in HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Research: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Social network strategies to distribute HIV self-testing kits: a global systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Pooled it
- Pay-it-forward intervention increased pneumococcal vaccine uptake among older adults in China: a randomized controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2026Trial
- Financing STI testing among men in China: A mixed-methods study of pay-it-forward monetary donations.PloS one · 2026Trial
- Effect of a pay-it-forward strategy on reducing HPV vaccine delay and increasing uptake among 15- to 18-year-old girls in China: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2025Trial
- Factors affecting caregivers' HPV vaccination decisions for adolescent girls: A secondary analysis of a Chinese RCT.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Evaluating Pay-It-Forward Strategy to Promote Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Testing Among International Migrants From Low- and Middle-Income Countries in China: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Incentive-based interventions to improve HIV prevention and care continuum: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Pay-It-Forward 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination Among Older Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
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- Community engagement and chronic viral hepatitis public health interventions: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and complementary crowdsourcing open call.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Pay-it-forward strategy reduced HPV vaccine delay and increased uptake among catch-up age girls: A randomized clinical trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and implementation of decentralized, community- and primary care-based strategies in promoting hepatitis B testing uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Synergistic interaction between pay-it-forward incentives and recreational drug use on hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus testing among men who have sex with men in China.Sexually transmitted infections · 2024Article
- Innovation is needed to increase viral hepatitis testing globally.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Article
- Social Network Strategies to Distribute HIV Self-testing Kits: A Global Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Pay-it-forward incentives involve having a person receive a free test with community-generated messages and then asking if those who received a free test would like to donate money to support others to receive free testing. Here we undertook a two-arm cluster-randomized trial to evaluate pay-it-forward incentives with active community participation to promote hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing among men who have sex with men in China. Men randomized to the pay-it-forward arm received free HBV and HCV testing and were offered a chance to pay-it-forward by donating money to support the testing of another anonymous person. Each participant paid for their HCV and HBV test at 7.7 USD per test in the standard-of-care arm. The primary outcome was the proportion of men who tested for HBV and HCV. Between 28 March and 6 November 2021, 32 groups (10 men per group) of men were randomized to the pay-it-forward (n = 160, 16 clusters) and standard-of-care (n = 162, 16 clusters) arms, respectively. HBV and HCV rapid testing were higher in the pay-it-forward arm (59.4%) than in the standard-of-care arm (25.3%) (proportion difference 35.2%, 95% confidence interval 24.1-46.3%). No adverse events were reported. The community-led pay-it-forward incentives improved HBV and HCV testing among men who have sex with men. Clinical Trial registration: ChiCTR 2100046140.
Indexed as
Identifiers
37640859What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.