ArticleScientific reports2023
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces endothelial inflammation via ACE2 independently of viral replication.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- T1R3 Anchors ACE2 at the Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Surface to Attenuate Vascular Injury Following SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1 Protein Exposure In Vitro.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Blood-Brain Barrier Changes and Related Microvascular Outcomes in Long-COVID: A Comprehensive Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spike 1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces endothelial inflammation and vascular dysfunction through interferon ISG15-dependent mechanisms.Cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Rationally Modified SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs ACE2 Binding While Preserving Immunogenicity in Mice.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Review
- Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and COVID-19: Microglia-Neutrophil Interaction.ACS omega · 2026Review
- Endothelial Cell Activation by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its RBD: Central Player of the Immunothrobotic Response in COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction.Cells · 2026Review
- Targeting PANoptosis: a promising therapeutic strategy for ALI/ARDS.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- Unique Features and Collateral Immune Effects of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccines: Plausible Mechanisms of Adverse Events and Complications.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Hepatic Metabolic Dysregulation as a Potential Amplifier of Leukemogenesis Following mRNA Vaccination: A Novel Mechanistic Hypothesis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Article
- Multisystem Endothelial Inflammation: A Key Driver of Adverse Events Following mRNA-Containing COVID-19 Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Sustained Vascular Inflammatory Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein on Human Endothelial Cells.Inflammation · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike treatment and transfection impairs airway epithelial repair.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Review
- The peptidoglycan ofScience translational medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan and Omicron Variant Proteins on Type I Interferon Response.Viruses · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a respiratory disease associated with inflammation and endotheliitis. Mechanisms underling inflammatory processes are unclear, but angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor which binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may be important. Here we investigated whether spike protein binding to ACE2 induces inflammation in endothelial cells and determined the role of ACE2 in this process. Human endothelial cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, S1 subunit (rS1p) and pro-inflammatory signaling and inflammatory mediators assessed. ACE2 was modulated pharmacologically and by siRNA. Endothelial cells were also exposed to SARS-CoV-2. rSP1 increased production of IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and PAI-1, and induced NFkB activation via ACE2 in endothelial cells. rS1p increased microparticle formation, a functional marker of endothelial injury. ACE2 interacting proteins involved in inflammation and RNA biology were identified in rS1p-treated cells. Neither ACE2 expression nor ACE2 enzymatic function were affected by rSP1. Endothelial cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus did not exhibit viral replication. We demonstrate that rSP1 induces endothelial inflammation via ACE2 through processes that are independent of ACE2 enzymatic activity and viral replication. We define a novel role for ACE2 in COVID-19- associated endotheliitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.