ArticleJournal of behavioral addictions2023
Nonconforming gender expression and associated problematic smartphone and internet use among Chinese adolescents.
Article in Journal of behavioral addictions, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender differences in smartphone addiction, physical activity, and quality of life: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Review: Mental Health and Health Care Needs in Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth in China.JAACAP open · 2026Review
- A sex-specific difference in smartphone addiction, physical activity level, and cognitive functions among university students.AIMS public health · 2026Article
- Changes in smartphone dependence and depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Grade-level differences in the association between cumulative family risk factors and problematic smartphone use among Chinese adolescents.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Residents' Internet use, family economic status, and self-rated health: gender-based differences.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Mediating effect of social anxiety on the association between self-esteem and internet addiction among Chinese vocational school students.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Exploring the relationship between media use and depressive symptoms among gender diverse youth: findings of the Mental Health Days Study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Smartphone Use Across Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression.JAMA network open · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and aims: Gender nonconformity (GNC), which refers to an individual's expression of gender that does not align with the socially prescribed norms for their biological sex, may be associated with adverse behavioral problems, such as problematic smartphone use (PSU) and problematic internet use (PIU). This study examined the associations between GNC and PSU and GNC and PIU among Chinese adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2021 School-based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey, recruiting 23,054 eligible adolescents aged 11 to 21, with an average age of 14.9 (SD: 1.7) years from 504 classes in 84 public high schools across 7 cities in China. Gender nonconformity, PSU/PIU, and demographics were measured. Mixed-effect linear regression models were performed. Results: Among the participants (51.0% male), 5.3% reported high GNC and 26.9% reported moderate GNC. After adjusting for covariates, high GNC was significantly and positively associated with PSU (Β = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.49-1.72) and PIU severity (Β = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.40-2.93). Stratified analyses indicated that the associations between GNC and PSU differed between males and females, with a significant association observed only among male students (Β = 1.91, 95% CI = 0.97-2.86). Discussion and conclusions: GNC is positively associated with the severity of PSU and PIU among Chinese adolescents, with male gender-nonconforming adolescents being more vulnerable to PSU. These results highlight the importance of implementing education on gender expression diversity in schools to create an inclusive school environment, which may potentially help prevent PSU and PIU among gender-nonconforming adolescents.
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