ArticleGlobal epidemiology2022
Exposure-response analysis of the association of maternal smoking and use of electronic cigarettes (vaping) in relation to preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age in a national US sample, 2016-2018.
Article in Global epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Birth outcomes following intrauterine exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Pooled it
- Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- Haemoglobin Concentrations and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: Identifying Optimal Haemoglobin Ranges.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Vaping during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Uterine artery transcriptomic signatures of e-cigarette aerosol exposure in pregnancy.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Vaping during pregnancy and maternal, fetal, and infant health outcomes: A scoping review of human and animal studies.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Electronic cigarettes and pregnancy: A social media content analysis.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Risk factors for small for gestational age as defined by a birthweight z-score below minus one: A prospective observational study.Medical research archives · 2024Article
- The relationship between small for gestational age infants and maternal health: a meta-analysis.American journal of translational research · 2024Review
- Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use and Pregnancy I: ENDS Use Behavior During Pregnancy.Current addiction reports · 2021Article
- Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use and Pregnancy II: Perinatal Outcomes Following ENDS Use During Pregnancy.Current addiction reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The US experienced a surge in use of e-cigarettes. Smoking women may consider e-cigarettes during pregnancy as an alternative to smoking. Methods: This cohort study included 99,201 mothers who delivered live singletons in 2016-2018 from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. We created exposure categories based on self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day and vaping frequency and evaluated their associations with preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth (two established cigarette smoking-related risks). Results: Dual users in late pregnancy were a heterogeneous group: 29% lightly smoked and occasionally vaped; 19% lightly smoked and frequently vaped; 36% heavily smoked and occasionally vaped; and 15% heavily smoked and frequently vaped. While dual users who heavily smoked and occasionally vaped had the highest adjusted OR for SGA (3.4, 95% CI 2.0, 5.7), all the dual users had, on average, about twice the odds of having SGA than non-users. While the risks of preterm birth were higher among sole light smokers (adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) and sole heavy smokers (adjusted OR 1.5. 95% CI 1.2, 1.8) than non-users, the adjusted odds of preterm birth for dual users were not noticeably higher than those of non-users. Conclusion: Relative to non-users, both smoking and vaping during pregnancy appear to increase risk of SGA, but excess risk of preterm birth appears to be primarily attributable to smoking alone. Higher levels of exposure tended to confer more risk.
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Registered trials
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