ArticleJMIR dermatology2021
Comparing Risk Profiles in Critical Care Patients With Stage 2 and Deep Tissue Pressure Injuries: Exploratory Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in JMIR dermatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Detection of Deep Tissue Pressure Injury in Intensive Care Using Hemodynamics-Based Machine Learning: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International wound journal · 2026Observational
- The Role of EuroSCORE II in Predicting Postoperative Pressure Injuries in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A survey of skin failure perceptions amongst pressure injury management staff in China: A cross-sectional study.International wound journal · 2024Article
- Risk profiling in the prevention and treatment of chronic wounds using artificial intelligence.International wound journal · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding hospital-acquired pressure injury (HAPrI) etiology is essential for developing effective preventive interventions. Pressure injuries are classified based on the degree of visible tissue damage; the two most commonly identified HAPrI stages in critical care patients are stage 2 and deep tissue injury (DTI). Some experts speculate that stage 2 and DTI have different etiologies, with stage 2 injuries formed from the "outside in" as a result of tissue deformation, decreased perfusion, and subsequent ischemia caused by external pressure and/or shear forces, whereas DTI emerges from the "inside out" due to inadequate perfusion to the deeper tissues causing tissue ischemia.
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare risk profiles of intensive care unit (ICU) patients who developed stage 2 injuries versus DTIs.
methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study to compare the risk profiles of patients in the ICU with stage 2 injuries and DTIs using electronic health record data. Eligible patients were admitted to the surgical or cardiovascular ICU at an academic medical center in the United States between 2014 and 2018. Anatomic locations were examined, and differences in anatomic patterns were compared using the χ
resultsA total of 244 patients developed a stage 2 injury or DTI during the study period. Of those, 38 patients with medical device-related pressure injury were excluded. The final study sample consisted of 206 patients (n=146 stage 2 and n=60 DTI). Compared with DTIs, stage 2 HAPrIs were more likely to be located on a bony prominence (n=206, χ
conclusionsStage 2 injuries and DTIs have different risk factors and different anatomic patterns. Patients who developed DTIs were more likely to experience low diastolic blood pressure and receive epinephrine, a potent vasopressor. Stage 2 injuries were more likely to occur on the bony prominences, whereas DTIs commonly occurred on the fleshy parts of the body such as the buttock.
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