Physics-Informed Neural Networks Integrating Compartmental Model for Analyzing COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics.

Modelling and predicting the behaviour of infectious diseases is essential for early warning and evaluating the most effective interventions to prevent significant harm. Compartmental models produce a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are renowned for simulating the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. However, the parameters in compartmental models are often unknown, and they can even change over time in the real world, making them difficult to determine. This study proposes an advanced artificial intelligence approach based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to estimate time-varying parameters from given data for the compartmental model. Our proposed PINNs method captures the complex dynamics of COVID-19 by integrating a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Death (SEIRD) compartmental model with deep neural networks. Specifically, we modelled the system of ODEs as one network and the time-varying parameters as another network to address significant unknown parameters and limited data. Such structure of the PINNs method is in line with the prior epidemiological correlations and comprises the mismatch between available data and network output and the residual of ODEs. The experimental findings on real-world reported data data have demonstrated that our method robustly and accurately learns the dynamics and forecasts future states. Moreover, as more data becomes available, our proposed PINNs method can be successfully extended to other regions and infectious diseases.