ArticleNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro Procedure on the Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Reduced Graphene Oxide.
Article in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Graphene Triggers Inflammation in Murine Microglia via Phagocytosis.Small science · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the cyto- and genotoxicity of two types of cellulose nanomaterials using human intestinal cells and in vitro digestion simulation.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Preliminary Study to Investigate Possible Cyto-Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Few-Layer Graphene in Human Bronchial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The growing interest in graphene derivatives is a result of their variety of applications in many fields. Due to their use, the oral route could be a potential way of entrance for the general population. This work assesses the biotransformation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) after an in vitro digestion procedure (mouth, gastric, intestinal, and colon digestion), and its toxic effects in different cell models (HepG2, Caco-2, and 3D intestinal model). The characterization of rGO digestas evidenced the agglomeration of samples during the in vitro gastrointestinal (g.i.) digestion. Internalization of rGO was only evident in Caco-2 cells exposed to the colonic phase and no cellular defects were observed. Digestas of rGO did not produce remarkable cytotoxicity in any of the experimental models employed at the tested concentrations (up to 200 µg/mL), neither an inflammatory response. Undigested rGO has shown cytotoxic effects in Caco-2 cells, therefore these results suggest that the digestion process could prevent the systemic toxic effects of rGO. However, additional studies are necessary to clarify the interaction of rGO with the g.i. tract and its biocompatibility profile.
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Registered trials
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