ReviewBiology2023
Metabolic Heterogeneity, Plasticity, and Adaptation to "Glutamine Addiction" in Cancer Cells: The Role of Glutaminase and the GTωA [Glutamine Transaminase-ω-Amidase (Glutaminase II)] Pathway.
Review in Biology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glutaminolysis Blockade-Empowered Bimodal Nanodepot for Spatially Complementary Sono-Thermal Ablation via PANoptosis and STING Activation Against Large Tumors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- N-Acetylaspartate Synthesis as a Thermodynamic Relief Mechanism for Mitochondrial Aspartate Aminotransferase.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Investigating the molecular mechanisms of glutamine metabolism and mitochondria-related biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease through transcriptomics and experimental validation.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Beyond angiogenesis: integrating ferroptosis and metabolic rewiring for next-generation RCC therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Targeting the Glutaminolysis Pathway in Glaucoma-Associated Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mutational insights into human kynurenine aminotransferase 1: modulation of transamination and β-elimination activities across diverse substrates.The Biochemical journal · 2025Article
- Review
- The Overlapping Biology of Sepsis and Cancer and Therapeutic Implications.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- SLFN11 expression correlates with immune microenvironment and predicts prognosis in melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Glutamine metabolism, a double agent combating or fuelling hepatocellular carcinoma.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2024Review
- Inhibitory Effect of L-Methionine onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Elucidating the role of hepatic enzymes in spontaneous abortion: a Mendelian randomization approach.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Exploiting the Achilles' heel of cancer: disrupting glutamine metabolism for effective cancer treatment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Application of microbial enzymes in medicine and industry: current status and future perspectives.Future microbiology · 2024Review
- Editorial: Experts' opinion in medicine 2022.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many cancers utilize l-glutamine as a major energy source. Often cited in the literature as "l-glutamine addiction", this well-characterized pathway involves hydrolysis of l-glutamine by a glutaminase to l-glutamate, followed by oxidative deamination, or transamination, to α-ketoglutarate, which enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, mammalian tissues/cancers possess a rarely mentioned, alternative pathway (the glutaminase II pathway): l-glutamine is transaminated to α-ketoglutaramate (KGM), followed by ω-amidase (ωA)-catalyzed hydrolysis of KGM to α-ketoglutarate. The name glutaminase II may be confused with the glutaminase 2 (GLS2) isozyme. Thus, we recently renamed the glutaminase II pathway the "glutamine transaminase-ω-amidase (GTωA)" pathway. Herein, we summarize the metabolic importance of the GTωA pathway, including its role in closing the methionine salvage pathway, and as a source of anaplerotic α-ketoglutarate. An advantage of the GTωA pathway is that there is no net change in redox status, permitting α-ketoglutarate production during hypoxia, diminishing cellular energy demands. We suggest that the ability to coordinate control of both pathways bestows a metabolic advantage to cancer cells. Finally, we discuss possible benefits of GTωA pathway inhibitors, not only as aids to studying the normal biological roles of the pathway but also as possible useful anticancer agents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.