ReviewTropical medicine and infectious disease2023
Epidemiological Differences in Hajj-Acquired Airborne Infections in Pilgrims Arriving from Low and Middle-Income versus High-Income Countries: A Systematised Review.
Review in Tropical medicine and infectious disease, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Self-reported acute respiratory illness during the pre-ritual and post-return phases of Hajj among South African pilgrims in 2025: a retrospective cohort study.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factor of Meningococcal Carriers of Indonesian Umrah Pilgrims.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccination and Morbidity Among Sudanese Hajj Pilgrims During the 2025 Hajj.Vaccines · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This systematised review aims to compare the epidemiological patterns of Hajj-acquired airborne infections among pilgrims from low and middle-income countries (LMIC) versus those from high-income countries (HIC). A PubMed search was carried out for all published articles before February 2023, using a combination of MeSH terms and text words. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess data quality. From a total of 453 titles identified, 58 studies were included in the review (LMIC = 32, and HIC = 26). In the pooled sample, there were 27,799 pilgrims aged 2 days to 105 years (male: female = 1.3:1) from LMIC and 70,865 pilgrims aged 2 months to 95 years (male: female = 1:1) from HIC. Pilgrims from both HIC and LMIC had viral and bacterial infections, but pilgrims from HIC tended to have higher attack rates of viral infections than their LMIC counterparts. However, the attack rates of bacterial infections were variable: for instance, pilgrims from LMIC seemed to have higher rates of meningococcal infections (0.015-82% in LMIC vs. 0.002-40% in HIC) based on the study population, but not
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