ArticleBMC public health2023
Development and validation of the Socioeconomic Status Composite Scale (SES-C).
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between socioeconomic status and dental caries in adolescents - a systematic review of cohort studies.Acta odontologica Scandinavica · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Understanding barriers to treatment regimen adherence in Pakistani women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross sectional study.African health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Perceived vs. actual cigarette and waterpipe dependence in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study of social desirability across demographic subgroups.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Cancer Patterns and Barriers to Care Among Socioeconomically Vulnerable Populations in Tripoli: A Descriptive Study from a Local NGO.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hypertension and epigenetic aging: socio-biological pathways of health disparity.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Cross-Sectional Assessment of Medication Adherence and Its Association With Community Pharmacy Experience and Patients' Satisfaction and Characteristics: Findings From the IMPHACT-LB Project.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Older people's preferences for elderly care mode in Northwest China: a multilevel analysis stratified by socioeconomic status.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Community pharmacy services and patient quality of life in Lebanon's socioeconomic crisis: Findings from the IMPHACT-LB study.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Psychometric validation and correlates of the personal safety perception scale (PSPS-26) as a multidimensional measure of perceived safety.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Examining burden among caregivers of community-dwelling older adults in Lebanon.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sociodemographic and economic barriers to initial specialist care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a scoping review.BMC rheumatology · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Status and Stroke: A Review of the Latest Evidence on Inequalities and Their Drivers.Stroke · 2025Review
- Normative Data for Objective ADHD Smartphone Application in a General Population.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2025Article
- Social determinants of self-medication with leftover antibiotics in Lebanese households: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Offspring's exposome: a narrative review on the influence of early-life factors on childhood obesity risk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Mortality rates in a cohort of infants attending immunization clinics in Uganda (2017-2019).PloS one · 2025Observational
- Food insecurity and lifestyle behaviours in university students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative survey across three countries.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Patient-pharmacist relationship dynamics: a mediation analysis of patient characteristics and reported outcomes.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) is a critical multifactorial determinant of health and plays a significant role in shaping an individual's health outcomes. While a composite scale has been proposed to measure SES in children, to our knowledge, limited composite scales were developed for adults in different contexts, highlighting the need for a comprehensive and valid SES measure to elucidate the relationship between SES and health in this population.
objectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a composite scale that measures the socioeconomic status in Lebanon and assess its correlates in a socioeconomic crisis context.
methodsAn online study was carried out between October and November 2022 across all Lebanese regions. Snowball sampling was used to enroll 448 adults living in Lebanon through a questionnaire created on Google Forms and shared by WhatsApp to a first sample from all geographic areas.
resultsThe developed composite scale (SES-C) was found to be reliable and valid. It was based on several aspects of socioeconomic status, i.e., participant education level, family head education level, perceived social class, not being in debt, not receiving financial help, crowding index, participant work status, family head work status, monthly household income, and financial well-being. Furthermore, high SES was significantly associated with married status, older age, alcohol consumption, the absence of chronic disease, easy access to healthcare, private insurance coverage, and the number of rooms in the house in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariable analysis, high SES was significantly associated with age (ORa-1.13; p = 0.011) and easy access to healthcare (ORa = 7.81; p = 0.001) and inversely associated with chronic disease (ORa = 0.17; p = 0.002). Similar results with lower magnitude were found for moderate SES.
conclusionThe study successfully developed and validated a composite scale (SES-C) for measuring the socioeconomic status in Lebanon, taking into account the complexities of the Lebanese context. The scale was found to be reliable and valid, and its results showed significant correlations with various factors such as older age, lower risk of chronic disease, and easy access to healthcare.
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