ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2023
Societal stigma and mistreatment in healthcare among gender minority people: a cross-sectional study.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Educational strategies for integrating gender perspectives in health professions training: a systematic review to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- Key Components and Barriers in Web-Based Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Training: Systematic Narrative Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Does gender expression matter in tailoring anti-smoking messages for sexual and gender minority young adults?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Examining the association between prior medical mistreatment and interest in and support for over-the-counter medication abortion among people seeking in-person abortion in the United States.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Article
- Relationships between structural stigma, societal stigma, and minority stress among gender minority people.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- A qualitative description of HIV testing and healthcare experiences among trans women in Ghanaian urban slums BSGH-012.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGender minority (GM; individuals whose gender is not aligned with that traditionally associated with the sex that was assigned to them at birth) people have widely reported mistreatment in healthcare settings. Mistreatment is enacted by individuals within society who hold stigmatizing beliefs. However, the relationship between healthcare mistreatment and societal stigma (i.e., the degree to which society disapproves of GM people) is unclear and not measured consistently.
methodsWe analyzed data from 2,031 GM participants in The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality (PRIDE) Study's 2019 Annual Questionnaire to determine whether societal stigma was associated with participants' past-year reports of mistreatment (defined as denial of healthcare services and/or lower quality care) in medical or mental healthcare settings. We created a proxy measure of societal stigma by incorporating variables validated in existing literature. Participants reported whether they had experienced mistreatment in medical and mental health settings independently.
resultsHealthcare denial and/or lower quality care during the past year was reported by 18.8% of our sample for medical settings and 12.5% for mental health settings. We found no associations between the societal stigma variables and past-year reports of healthcare denial and/or lower quality care in medical or mental healthcare settings.
conclusionsAlthough a high proportion of GM people reported past-year healthcare mistreatment in both medical and mental health settings, mistreatment had no relationship with societal stigma. Factors other than societal stigma may be more important predictors of healthcare mistreatment, such as healthcare workers' knowledge of and attitudes toward GM people. However, other measures of societal stigma, or different types of mistreatment, may show stronger associations. Identifying key factors that contribute to mistreatment can serve as targets for intervention in communities and healthcare settings.
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Registered trials
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