ArticlePloS one2023
Genetic and antiretroviral drug resistance mutations analysis of reverse transcriptase and protease gene from Pakistani people living with HIV-1.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic diversity and drug resistance mutations of HIV-1 in Ghana: a systematic review of two decades.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- What leads to treatment failure among people living with HIV: first systematic review from the middle east and North Africa.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Notable transmitted HIV drug resistance among people who inject drugs in Pakistan.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Geographic origins, transmission hotspots, and drug resistance mutations of HIV-1 CRF08_BC in Zhejiang Province, China.Infection · 2025Article
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- Biological Barriers for Drug Delivery and Development of Innovative Therapeutic Approaches in HIV, Pancreatic Cancer, and Hemophilia A/B.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Identification of a novel first-generation HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF152_DG) among people living with HIV in Karachi, Pakistan.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntiretroviral therapy (ART) effectiveness is compromised by the emergence of HIV drug resistance mutations (DRM) and can lead to the failure of ART. Apart from intrinsic viral factors, non-compliance with drugs and/or the use of sub-optimum therapy can lead to the emergence of DRMs. In Pakistan HIV currently exists as a concentrated epidemic, however, ART coverage is very low, and drug adherence is poor. ART is selected assuming without baseline genotyping. Pakistan has recently seen a rise in treatment failures, but the country's actual burden of DRM is still unknown. In this study, we perform the genetic and drug resistance analysis of the pol gene from Pakistani HIV-positive ART-naïve and ART-experienced individuals.
methodsIn this study, HIV-1 pol was sequenced from 146 HIV-1 positive individuals, divided into ART-naïve (n = 37) and ART-experienced (n = 109). The sequences were also used to determine HIV-1 subtypes, the prevalence of DRM, and pol genetic variability.
resultsDRM analysis identified numerous DRMs against reverse transcriptase inhibitors in both ART-naïve and ART-experienced groups, including a few that are classified as rare. Additionally, the ART-experienced group showed mutations associated with resistance to protease inhibitors. Genetic analysis showed negative selection pressure in both groups, but a higher rate of evolution in the ART-naïve group.
conclusionHigh prevalence of DRMs, especially against previous first-line treatment in ART- naïve and the accumulation of DRMs in ART-experienced groups is concerning and warrants that a more extensive DRM survey be carried out to inform first-line and second-line ART regimen recommendations.
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