ArticleArchives of toxicology2023
Basic concepts of mixture toxicity and relevance for risk evaluation and regulation.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mixture Effects Investigation of a Thyroid Hormone System-Specific Interaction with Azole Fungicides.Toxics · 2026Article
- Integrating Suspect and Nontargeted Screening for Food Safety Testing: A Case Study of Bee Pollen Supplements.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- The Effects of Multiple Maillard Reaction Products in Infant Formula on Host Immunity and Neurotoxicity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Environmental Chemicals: From Mechanisms to Population Evidence.Toxics · 2026Article
- Overview of Current Regulatory and Methodological Approaches for the Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins.Toxins · 2026Review
- Mixture Toxicity in Human Health: Integrating One Health, Exposomics, and Modern Risk Assessment Strategies.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Review
- Identification of Neuroactive Chemicals in Crude Oil-Derived Water-Accommodated Fractions.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures in Foods: A Comprehensive Methodological and Regulatory Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Living in a chemical cocktail: real-world mixture exposures and their impact on ovarian function.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Adjustment for day-to-day variability in the estimation of effective concentrations for the assessment of mixture toxicity.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- De-risking seizure liability: integrating adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), new approach methodologies (NAMs), and in silico approaches while highlighting knowledge gaps.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Review
- Prioritisation of co-formulants and plant protection products for non-dietary risk assessment using NAMs.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Relevance of kinetic interactions and co-formulants for plant protection product liver toxicity in vitro.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Confrontations of the Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola With a Biocontrol Bacterium or a Ubiquitous Fungus Trigger Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites With Lead Structures of Synthetic Fungicides.Environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway by PAHs in Children's Toys.Contact dermatitis · 2025Article
- Advancements in toxicological risk assessment: integrating Ferguson's principle, computational models, and drug safety guidelines, a comprehensive framework for improving risk assessment and resource management in toxicology.Toxicology research · 2025Article
- Equations for estimating binary mixture toxicity: Methyl-2-chloroacetoacetate-containing combinations.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- IMPACT OF REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON REPRODUCTION: Phthalates disrupt female reproductive health: a call for enhanced investigation into mixtures.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Engineered nanofiber scaffolds prime chromatin reorganization to sensitize cells for long-term and low-dose chemical hazard detection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 10 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exposure to multiple substances is a challenge for risk evaluation. Currently, there is an ongoing debate if generic "mixture assessment/allocation factors" (MAF) should be introduced to increase public health protection. Here, we explore concepts of mixture toxicity and the potential influence of mixture regulation concepts for human health protection. Based on this analysis, we provide recommendations for research and risk assessment. One of the concepts of mixture toxicity is additivity. Substances may act additively by affecting the same molecular mechanism within a common target cell, for example, dioxin-like substances. In a second concept, an "enhancer substance" may act by increasing the target site concentration and aggravating the adverse effect of a "driver substance". For both concepts, adequate risk management of individual substances can reliably prevent adverse effects to humans. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that the large number of substances to which humans are exposed at very low and individually safe doses may interact to cause adverse effects. This commentary identifies knowledge gaps, such as the lack of a comprehensive overview of substances regulated under different silos, including food, environmentally and occupationally relevant substances, the absence of reliable human exposure data and the missing accessibility of ratios of current human exposure to threshold values, which are considered safe for individual substances. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and most susceptible target cells is required. We conclude that, currently, there is no scientific evidence supporting the need for a generic MAF. Rather, we recommend taking more specific measures, which focus on compounds with relatively small ratios between human exposure and doses, at which adverse effects can be expected.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.