ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2023
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and Preclinical Cardiovascular Disease.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Difficulties of differential diagnosis of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review].Problemy endokrinologii · 2024Pooled it
- Evidence of early subclinical atherosclerosis in women with exercise-induced hypothalamic amenorrhea.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Performance of large language models as an information resource on functional hypothalamic amenorrhea for patients and healthcare professionals.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Bone mineral density in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea compared to eumenorrheic controls and recently menopausal women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Menopause Hormone Therapy in Women With Cardiovascular Risk Factors or Established Ischemic Heart Disease: A Joint FIGO and WHF Position Paper.Global heart · 2026Review
- Metabolic and Endocrine Alterations in Underweight and Normal-Weight Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea and polycystic ovarian morphology: a narrative review about an intriguing association.Human reproduction update · 2025Review
- Gene-environment interaction in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Changes in the prevalence of menstrual-related symptoms and menstrual cycle abnormalities among Japanese Summer and Winter Olympic athletes over the past seven Olympic Games.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextEndothelial dysfunction is a preclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) marker. Due to various neuroendocrine aberrations, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) may be a sex-specific risk factor for CVD in young women.
objectiveTo investigate endothelial function in women with FHA, compared with eumenorrheic controls and recently menopausal women.
methodsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis among women with FHA (n = 30), eumenorrheic controls (n = 29), and recently menopausal women (n = 30). FHA was defined as amenorrhea ≥3 consecutive months, estradiol <50 pg/mL, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) < 10 mIU/mL, and luteinizing hormone (LH) < 10 mIU/mL, excluding other etiologies. Participants were recruited through obstetrics and gynecology referrals, social media advertising, and review of electronic health records. Preclinical CVD was measured using EndoPAT 2000 to calculate reactive hyperemic index (RHI). RHI ≤1.67 indicates endothelial dysfunction.
resultsMean estradiol levels in women with FHA, as compared with eumenorrheic controls and recently menopausal women, were 29.0 ± 18.1, 46.4 ± 15.7, and 10.9 ± 14.4 pg/mL (P < .0001), respectively. Women with FHA had lower insulin (P = .0095) and higher cortisol (P = .0004) compared with controls. RHI was significantly lower in women with FHA compared with eumenorrheic controls and recently menopausal women (1.8 ± 0.5 vs 2.2 ± 0.5 vs 2.2 ± 0.6, respectively; P = .008), and 35% of women with FHA had RHI ≤1.67, consistent with endothelial dysfunction.
conclusionThese results demonstrate endothelial dysfunction in 1 out of 3 young women with FHA. FHA may be a contributor to preclinical CVD, and it is not explained by hypoestrogenemia alone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.