Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37608772›Full record

ReviewThe Journal of pathology2023

Pitfalls in machine learning-based assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: A report of the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Jeppe Thagaard, Glenn Broeckx, David B Page, Chowdhury Arif Jahangir, Sara Verbandt, Zuzana Kos, Rajarsi Gupta, Reena Khiroya, Khalid Abduljabbar, Gabriela Acosta Haab and 132 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in The Journal of pathology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
8.0field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Advancements and future trends in machine learning for lung cancer: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Observational
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

142 authors at 20 institutions in 33 countries.

Jeppe ThagaardTechnical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Glenn BroeckxDepartment of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-7543-8061
David B PageEarle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9264-4628
Chowdhury Arif JahangirUCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-5389-7275
Sara VerbandtDigestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Zuzana KosDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Cancer Vancouver Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Rajarsi GuptaDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1577-8718
Reena KhiroyaDepartment of Cellular Pathology, University College Hospital London, London, UK.
Khalid AbduljabbarCentre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
Gabriela Acosta HaabHospital Maria Curie, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Balazs AcsDepartment of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-0972-4633
Guray AkturkTranslational Molecular Biomarkers, Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA.
Jonas S AlmeidaDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, MD, USA.
Isabel Alvarado-CabreroOncology Hospital, Star Medica Centro, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Mohamed AmgadDepartment of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Farid Azmoudeh-ArdalanTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Sunil BadveDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Nurkhairul Bariyah BaharunThe National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Eva BalslevDepartment of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
Enrique R BellolioDepartamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
Vydehi BheemarajuDepartment of Pathology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, India.
Kim Rm BlenmanDepartment of Internal Medicine Section of Medical Oncology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Luciana Botinelly Mendonça FujimotoDepartment of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Amazonas Federal University, Manaus, Brazil.
Najat BouchmaaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir, Morocco.
Octavio BurguesPathology Department, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia/Incliva, Valencia, Spain.
Alexandros ChardasDepartment of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9906-7552
Maggie Chon U CheangHead of Integrative Genomics Analysis in Clinical Trials, ICR-CTSU, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
Francesco CiompiRadboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Lee Ad CooperDepartment of Pathology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
An CoosemansDepartment of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Germán CorredorBiomedical Engineering Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Anders B DahlTechnical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Flavio Luis Dantas PortelaHospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, Manaus, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0003-0188-3709
Frederik DemanDepartment of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium.
Sandra DemariaDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Johan Doré HansenVisiopharm A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.
Sarah N DudgeonConputational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Thomas EbstrupVisiopharm A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.
Mahmoud ElghazawyUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Claudio Fernandez-MartínInstituto Universitario de Investigación en Tecnología Centrada en el Ser Humano, HUMAN-tech, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
Stephen B FoxPathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
William M GallagherUCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Jennifer M GiltnaneGenentech, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sacha GnjaticDepartment of Oncological Sciences, Medicine Hem/Onc, and Pathology, Tisch Cancer Institute - Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Paula I Gonzalez-EricssonDepartment of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6292-6963
Anita GrigoriadisCancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3434-201X
Niels HalamaDepartment of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
Matthew G HannaDepartment of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
Aparna HarbhajankaCase Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Steven N HartDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7714-2734
Johan HartmanDepartment of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Søren HaubergTechnical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Stephen HewittLaboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Akira I HidaDepartment of Pathology, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan.
Hugo M HorlingsDivision of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Zaheed HusainPraava Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Evangelos HytopoulosiRhythm Technologies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sheeba IrshadKing's College London & Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK.
Emiel Am JanssenDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
Mohamed KahilaDepartment of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Tatsuki R KataokaDepartment of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.ORCID 0000-0003-3095-8976
Kosuke KawaguchiDepartment of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Durga KharidehalDepartment of Pathology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, India.
Andrey I KhramtsovDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Umay KirazDepartment of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
Pawan KirtaniDepartment of Histopathology, Aakash Healthcare Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Liudmila L KodachDepartment of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Konstanty KorskiData, Analytics and Imaging, Product Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland.
Anikó KovácsDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Anne-Vibeke LaenkholmDepartment of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
Corinna Lang-SchwarzInstitute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bayreuth, Germany.
Denis LarsimontInstitut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
Jochen K LennerzCenter for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Marvin LerousseauCentre for Computational Biology (CBIO), Mines Paris, PSL University, Paris, France.
Xiaoxian LiDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Amy LyDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Anant MadabhushiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Biomedical Informatics, Pathology, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sai K MaleyNRG Oncology/NSABP Foundation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Vidya Manur NarasimhamurthyManipal Hospitals, Bangalore, India.
Douglas K MarksPerlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
Elizabeth S McDonaldBreast Cancer Translational Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Ravi MehrotraIndian Cancer Genomic Atlas, Pune, India.
Stefan MichielsOffice of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Gustave Roussy, Oncostat U1018, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Ligue Contre le Cancer labeled Team, Villejuif, France.
Fayyaz Ul Amir Afsar MinhasTissue Image Analytics Centre, Warwick Cancer Research Centre, PathLAKE Consortium, Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Shachi MittalDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
David A MooreCRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL and Cellular Pathology Department, UCLH, London, UK.
Shamim MushtaqDepartment of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Hussain NighatPathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical sciences, Raipur, India.
Thomas PapathomasInstitute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Frederique Penault-LlorcaCentre Jean Perrin, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Clermont Ferrand, France.
Rashindrie D PereraSchool of Electrical, Mechanical and Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Christopher J PinardRadiogenomics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Juan Carlos Pinto-CardenasDiagnostico de Salud Animal SA, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Giancarlo PruneriDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Lajos PusztaiYale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Arman RahmanUCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Nasir Mahmood RajpootUniversity of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Bernardo Leon RapoportThe Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Tilman T RauInstitute of Pathology, University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1251-950X
Jorge S Reis-FilhoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2969-3173
Joana M RibeiroDépartement de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
David RimmDepartment of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5820-4397
Anne RoslindDepartment of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
Anne Vincent-SalomonDepartment of Diagnostic and Theranostic Medicine, Institut Curie, University Paris-Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France.
Manuel Salto-TellezIntegrated Pathology Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
Joel SaltzDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Shahin SayedDepartment of Pathology, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ely ScottTranslational Pathology, Translational Sciences and Diagnostics/Translational Medicine/R&D, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Kalliopi P SiziopikouDepartment of Pathology, Section of Breast Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Christos SotiriouBreast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
Albrecht StenzingerInstitute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Maher A SughayerKing Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
Daniel SurDepartment of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Susan FinebergMontefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
Fraser SymmansUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Sunao TanakaKyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Timothy TaxterTempus Labs, Chicago, IL, USA.
Sabine TejparDigestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Jonas TeuwenAI for Oncology Lab, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
E Aubrey ThompsonMayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Trine TrammDepartment of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
William T TranDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Jeroen van der LaakDepartment of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Paul J van DiestDepartment of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Gregory E VergheseCancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0009-0006-7638-6431
Giuseppe VialeDepartment of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
Michael ViethInstitute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bayreuth, Germany.
Noorul WahabTissue Image Analytics Centre, Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1251-1559
Thomas WalterCentre for Computational Biology (CBIO), Mines Paris, PSL University, Paris, France.
Yannick WaumansCellCarta NV, Antwerp, Belgium.
Hannah Y WenDepartment of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
Wentao YangFudan Medical University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.
Yinyin YuanDepartment of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Reena Md ZinDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Sylvia AdamsPerlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
John BartlettUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Sibylle LoiblDepartment of Medicine and Research, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg, Germany.
Carsten DenkertInstitut für Pathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg und Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Peter SavasDivision of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sherene LoiDivision of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Roberto SalgadoDepartment of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium.
Elisabeth Specht StovgaardDepartment of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
Inserm · FRThe University of Melbourne · AUEmory University · USKing's College London · GBMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · USNorthwestern University · USTechnical University of Denmark · DKThe Netherlands Cancer Institute · NLUniversity College Dublin · IEUniversity of Warwick · GBYale University · USBayreuth Medical Center · DEGentofte Hospital · DKInstitute of Cancer Research · GBKarolinska University Hospital · SEKU Leuven · BEKyoto University · JPNarayana Dental College and Hospital · INNYU Langone Health · USRadboud University Nijmegen · NL

Funding

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI Hongbiao Carl Lekaye · 1985 to 2026
$347.4M
Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9M
The Role of CHFR in Tumorigenesis and Paclitaxel-Sensitivity in Breast CancerP50CA116201 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI Fergus Joseph Couch · 2005 to 2026
$49.9M
THE TISCH CANCER INSTITUTE - CANCER CENTER SUPPORT GRANTP30CA196521 · NCI · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI Ramon E Parsons · 2015 to 2026
$35.4M
High-Dimensional Immune Monitoring of NCI-Supported Immunotherapy TrialsU24CA224319 · NCI · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI Sacha Gnjatic, Seunghee Kim-Schulze · 2017 to 2026
$21.5M
Targeting Polθ to Overcome PARP Inhibitor Resistance in Homologous Recombination Deficient Breast CancerP50CA247749 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI Simon N. Powell · 2020 to 2026
$16.3M
TCIA Sustainment and Scalability - Platforms for Quantitative Imaging Informatics in Precision MedicineU24CA215109 · NCI · UNIV OF ARKANSAS FOR MED SCIS · PI BANERJEE, IMON, PRIOR, FRED WILLIAM · 2017 to 2021
$8.5M
Pathology CoreU54CA254566 · NCI · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI MADABHUSHI, ANANT · 2020 to 2024
$5.0M
Oral Cavity Quantitative Histomorphometric Risk Classifier (OHbIC) in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OC-SCC)R01CA249992 · NCI · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI LEWIS, JAMES, MADABHUSHI, ANANT · 2021 to 2025
$3.2M
Computerized histologic image predictor of cancer outcomeR01CA202752 · NCI · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI FELDMAN, MICHAEL D, GANESAN, SHRIDAR · 2016 to 2020
$3.1M
Prostate cancer risk stratification via computational 3D pathologyR01CA268207 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Jonathan T.C. Liu, Anant Madabhushi · 2022 to 2026
$3.1M
Quantitative Histomorphometric Risk Classifier (QuHbIC) in HPV + Oropharyngeal CarcinomaR01CA220581 · NCI · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI KOYFMAN, SHLOMO, LEWIS, JAMES · 2018 to 2023
$3.1M
BLRD VA I01 BX004121Cancer Research UK C45982/A21808Cancer Research UK CRUK/07/012Cancer Research UK KCL-BCN-Q3NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748NCI NIH HHS P30 CA196521NCI NIH HHS P50 CA116201NCI NIH HHS P50 CA247749NCI NIH HHS R01 CA202752NCI NIH HHS R01 CA208236NCI NIH HHS R01 CA216579NCI NIH HHS R01 CA220581NCI NIH HHS R01 CA249992NCI NIH HHS R01 CA257612NCI NIH HHS R01 CA268207NCI NIH HHS R01 CA268287NCI NIH HHS R33 CA263705NCI NIH HHS R37 CA225655NCI NIH HHS U01 CA239055NCI NIH HHS U01 CA248226NCI NIH HHS U01 CA269181NCI NIH HHS U24 CA215109NCI NIH HHS U24 CA224319NCI NIH HHS U54 CA254566NCI NIH HHS UH3 CA225021NIBIB NIH HHS R43 EB028736NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK124165
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The clinical significance of the tumor-immune interaction in breast cancer is now established, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for patients with triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2-negative) breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer. How computational assessments of TILs might complement manual TIL assessment in trial and daily practices is currently debated. Recent efforts to use machine learning (ML) to automatically evaluate TILs have shown promising results. We review state-of-the-art approaches and identify pitfalls and challenges of automated TIL evaluation by studying the root cause of ML discordances in comparison to manual TIL quantification. We categorize our findings into four main topics: (1) technical slide issues, (2) ML and image analysis aspects, (3) data challenges, and (4) validation issues. The main reason for discordant assessments is the inclusion of false-positive areas or cells identified by performance on certain tissue patterns or design choices in the computational implementation. To aid the adoption of ML for TIL assessment, we provide an in-depth discussion of ML and image analysis, including validation issues that need to be considered before reliable computational reporting of TILs can be incorporated into the trial and routine clinical management of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Indexed as

Mammary Neoplasms, AnimalTriple Negative Breast NeoplasmsAnimalsBiomarkersHumansLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMachine LearningBiomarkersdeep learningdigital pathologyguidelinesimage analysismachine learningpitfallsprognostic biomarkertriple-negative breast cancertumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

Identifiers

PMID37608772
PMCPMC10518802
OpenAlexW4386084036

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.