ArticleNeurology2023
Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Features Associated With Incident and Prevalent Parkinson Disease.
Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
53citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
12.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Liquid biopsy proteomics in ophthalmology : A clinical and scientific perspective].Die Ophthalmologie · 2026Pooled it
- Bright light therapy in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study on visual pathway improvements.BMC psychiatry · 2025Trial
- AI-driven multimodal retinal imaging for early detection and risk stratification of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Atrial fibrillation and retinal imaging-based oculomics: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of two large cohorts.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Association Between Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity and Central Macular Thickness in Parkinson's Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Associations between retinal morphological features and risk of depression and anxiety disorders.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Multi-omic analysis of deep learning-derived phenotypes links ophthalmic imaging to cardiovascular and neurological traits.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Optic nerve diameter in early-stage idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A prospective observational study.Medicine · 2026Observational
- High-accuracy retinal age prediction via fundus-based multitask learning reveals the effect of systemic disease.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Label-free in vivo molecular profiling of the human retina by non-resonant Raman spectroscopy.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Understanding pre-training data effects in retinal foundation models using two large fundus cohorts.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Early retinal synaptic dysfunction and proteomic remodeling precede neurodegeneration in a Parkinson's disease model.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Eye manifestations in Huntington's disease: an update on the potential of ocular biomarkers.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence in Ocular Oncology: Differentiating Choroidal Melanocytic Lesions.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Study Design and Statistical Analysis in OCT-Based Studies of Neurodegeneration.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Retinal Neurovascular Coupling: From Mechanisms to a Diagnostic Window into Brain Disorders.Cells · 2025Review
- Using retinal diagnostics as a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases: protocol for a systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Ophthalmic imaging as a measure of cardiovascular and neurological health: a multi-omic analysis of deep-learning derived phenotypes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Retinal Neurovascular Signatures in Parkinson's Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
24 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Siegfried Karl WagnerFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom. s.wagner@ucl.ac.uk.
David Romero-BasconesFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Mario Cortina-BorjaFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Dominic J WilliamsonFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-5219-9312
Robbert R StruyvenFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Yukun ZhouFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Salil PatelFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Rimona S WeilFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Chrystalina A AntoniadesFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Eric J TopolFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Edward KorotFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Paul J FosterFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Konstantinos BalaskasFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Unai AyalaFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Maitane BarrenecheaFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Iñigo GabilondoFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6045-2840
Anthony H V SchapiraFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Anthony P KhawajaFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6802-8585
Praveen J PatelFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-8682-4067
Jugnoo S RahiFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Alastair K DennistonFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.
Axel PetzoldFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-0344-9749
Pearse Andrew KeaneFrom the Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.P., P.A.K.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (S.K.W., D.R.-B., D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z., E.K., P.J.F., K.B., A.P.K., P.J.P., J.S.R., A.K.D., A.P., P.A.K.), London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Engineering Department (D.R.-B., E.K., U.A., M.B.), Faculty of Engineering (MU-ENG), Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (M.C.-B., J.S.R.), and Centre for Medical Image Computing (D.J.W., R.R.S., Y.Z.), Department of Computer Science, University College London; NeuroMetrology Lab (S.P., C.A.A.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Dementia Research Centre (R.S.W.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.J.T.), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA; Byers Eye Institute (E.K.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute (I.G.), Barakaldo; IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science (I.G.), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (A.H.V.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.S.R.); Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (J.S.R.), University College London; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.S.R.), London; University of Birmingham (A.K.D.); University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (A.K.D.); NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (A.K.D.), University of Birmingham; and Queen Square Institute of Neurology (A.P.), University College London, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-9239-745X
for UK Biobank Eye & Vision Consortium
Institute of Ophthalmology · MXMoorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust · GBGreat Ormond Street Hospital · GBIkerbasque · ES
Funding
Medical Research Council MR/T019050/1Medical Research Council MR/T040912/1Medical Research Council MR/TR000953/1Wellcome Trust 205167/Z/16/Z
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesCadaveric studies have shown disease-related neurodegeneration and other morphological abnormalities in the retina of individuals with Parkinson disease (PD); however, it remains unclear whether this can be reliably detected with in vivo imaging. We investigated inner retinal anatomy, measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in prevalent PD and subsequently assessed the association of these markers with the development of PD using a prospective research cohort.
methodsThis cross-sectional analysis used data from 2 studies. For the detection of retinal markers in prevalent PD, we used data from AlzEye, a retrospective cohort of 154,830 patients aged 40 years and older attending secondary care ophthalmic hospitals in London, United Kingdom, between 2008 and 2018. For the evaluation of retinal markers in incident PD, we used data from UK Biobank, a prospective population-based cohort where 67,311 volunteers aged 40-69 years were recruited between 2006 and 2010 and underwent retinal imaging. Macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), and inner nuclear layer (INL) thicknesses were extracted from fovea-centered OCT. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to examine the association between prevalent PD and retinal thicknesses. Hazard ratios for the association between time to PD diagnosis and retinal thicknesses were estimated using frailty models.
resultsWithin the AlzEye cohort, there were 700 individuals with prevalent PD and 105,770 controls (mean age 65.5 ± 13.5 years, 51.7% female). Individuals with prevalent PD had thinner GCIPL (-2.12 μm, 95% CI -3.17 to -1.07, DISCUSSION: Individuals with PD have reduced thickness of the INL and GCIPL of the retina. Involvement of these layers several years before clinical presentation highlight a potential role for retinal imaging for at-risk stratification of PD.
Indexed as
Parkinson DiseaseRetinal Ganglion CellsAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNerve FibersProspective StudiesRetinaRetrospective StudiesTomography, Optical Coherence
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