ReviewTranslational gastroenterology and hepatology2023
Impact of immune tolerance mechanisms on the efficacy of immunotherapy in primary and secondary liver cancers.
Review in Translational gastroenterology and hepatology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Autophagy-promoted immunogenic cell death elicited by tyrosine kinase inhibitor orchestrates a synergistic immunotherapeutic microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: translating mechanistic insights into clinical advances.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Distinct and cooperative roles of host and tumor Osteopontin in colorectal cancer liver metastasis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Impact of liver metastasis on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced colorectal cancer.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Biomarker guided combination strategies and perioperative integration for immune cold microsatellite stable colorectal cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Colorectal cancer liver metastasis: immunosuppressive microenvironment, signaling pathways, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advancements in intratumoral therapies for liver tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Reframing the paradigm: stereotactic body radiation therapy as an engineer of the tumor immune microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- New perspectives in the treatment of liver cirrhosis: targeting macrophage regulatory mechanisms.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Clinicopathological insights and management of liver metastases: Current advances and future perspectives.World journal of hepatology · 2025Review
- The immunological interface: dendritic cells as key regulators in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- mRNA-LNP vaccine strategies: Effects of adjuvants on non-parenchymal liver cells and tolerance.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- The hidden messengers: cancer associated fibroblasts-derived exosomal miRNAs as key regulators of cancer malignancy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Enterosorption may contribute to the reactivation of anticancer immunity and be an effective approach to tumor growth control.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The liver is a functionally unique organ with an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The liver is the sixth most common site of primary cancer in humans and is a frequent site of metastasis from other solid tumors. The development of effective therapies for primary and metastatic liver cancer has been challenging due to the complex metabolic and immune microenvironment of the liver. The liver tumor microenvironment (TME) in primary and secondary (metastatic) liver cancers is heterogenous and consists of unique immune and stromal cell populations. Crosstalk between these cell populations and tumor cells creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment within the liver which potentiates cancer progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now clinically approved for the management of primary and secondary liver cancer and can partially overcome liver immune tolerance, but their efficacy is limited. In this review, we describe the liver microenvironment and the use of immunotherapy in primary and secondary liver cancer. We discuss emerging combination strategies utilizing locoregional and systemic therapy approaches which may enhance efficacy of immunotherapy in primary and secondary liver cancer. A deeper understanding of the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the liver will inform novel therapies and therapeutic combinations in order to improve outcomes of patients with primary and secondary liver cancer.
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