Observational studyThe American journal of clinical nutrition2023
Reference ranges for body composition indices by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study Cohort.
Observational study in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Diactive-1-Supported Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Trial
- Low-Magnitude Mechanical Signals to Preserve Skeletal Health in Female Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Health-related quality of life in young pediatric cancer survivors: The role of sarcopenia.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Mechanical Load-Capacity Models for Bone in Youth - Analysis of Risk Signatures.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2026Article
- Lean mass development trajectories in children and adolescents and their associations with musculoskeletal health in emerging adulthood.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Protocol for non-invasive assessment of skeletal muscle structure and function in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease: a cross-sectional, case-control study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Investigation of Body Composition Indices and Functional Outcome Questionnaires in Children with Spinal Cord Disorders.Spinal cord series and cases · 2025Article
- Race-neutral Pediatric Reference Ranges for Bone Mineral Density Predict Prospective Fractures in Childhood.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in healthy Brazilian children and adolescents: normative data.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2025Article
- Article
- Greater Urinary Calcium Excretion Is Associated With Diminished Bone Accrual in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Observational
- The Cross-Sectional Relation of Body Mass Index to Adiposity among 8- to 19-Year-Olds within Several Races and Ethnicities.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Pediatric densitometry: is the Z score adjustment necessary in all cases?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Sarcopenic obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prevalence, risk factors, and implications for cancer survivors.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2024Article
- Body fat variation and redistribution across different stages of life measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Co-morbid sarcopenia and low bone mineral density in young paediatric cancer survivors.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2024Article
- Body composition in early pubescent children with obesity: effects following 1 year of nonintervention.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Paediatric dominant and non-dominant handgrip reference curves and the association with body composition.Annals of human biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBody composition assessment aids evaluation of energy stores and the impact of diseases and interventions on child growth. Current United States pediatric reference ranges from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) include 20% of children with obesity, body mass index of ≥95th percentile.
objectivesThis study aimed to develop dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) based reference ranges in a diverse cohort with low-obesity prevalence from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS).
methodsThis is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal, prospective, observational cohort. Healthy children (height and BMI within 3rd to 97th percentiles, ages 5-19 y at enrollment), from 5 United States centers were measured annually for ≤7 visits. Whole body scans were acquired using Hologic scanners. A subsample underwent repeat measurements to determine precision. We generated reference ranges for appendicular and total lean soft tissue mass index (LSTM Index), fat mass index (FMI), and other body composition measures. Resulting curves were compared to NHANES and across subgroups. Sex and age-specific equations were developed to adjust body composition Z-scores for height Z score.
resultsWe obtained 9846 scans of 2011 participants (51% female, 22% Black, 17% Hispanic, 48% White, 7% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 6% with obesity). Precision (percent coefficient of variation) ranged from 0.7% to 1.96%. Median and-2 standard deviation curves for BMDCS and NHANES were similar, but NHANES +2 standard deviation LSTM Index and FMI curves were distinctly greater than the respective BMDCS curves. Subgroup differences were more extreme for appendicular LSTM Index-Z (mean ± SD: Asian -0.52 ± 0.93 compared with Black 0.77 ± 0.87) than for FMI-Z (Hispanic 0.29 ± 0.98 compared with Black -0.14 ± 1.1) and were smaller for Z-scores adjusted for height Z-score.
conclusionsThese reference ranges add to sparse normative data regarding body composition in children and adolescents and are based on a cohort with an obesity prevalence similar to current BMI charts. Awareness of subgroup differences aids in interpreting results.
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