ArticlePsychiatry research2023
Sociodemographic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment among U.S. elementary schoolchildren.
Article in Psychiatry research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining Increased Ritalin and Adderall Use Among Low-Income People Who Use Drugs: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Psychiatric and neurological predictors of early ADHD medication discontinuation across the lifespan: a multinational study.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence, equity, and pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders: A scoping review of clinical practice applications.Pediatric investigation · 2026Review
- Differences in patterns of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication use in US children.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Time to Medication Initiation in School-age Children With ADHD in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics.Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP · 2026Article
- Mental disorders in the Black population: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Factors associated with stimulant persistence among children with ADHD: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Review
- Examining the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD in School-Aged Children Following the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Article
- Contributors to Underdiagnosis of ADHD among Asian Americans: A Narrative Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Review
- Commentary: Complex Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is Inherently Intersectional.Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBPArticle
- ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We examined whether some groups of U.S. elementary schoolchildren are less likely to be diagnosed and treated for ADHD in analyses of a population-based cohort (N = 10,920). We predicted ADHD diagnosis using measures of race and ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, birthweight, individually assessed academic, behavioral, and executive functioning, family language use, mental health, health insurance coverage, marital status, school composition, and geographic region. We predicted prescription medication use among those diagnosed with ADHD. We stratified additional analyses by biological sex. Black children (aOR, 0.60), girls (aOR, 0.55), and emergent bilinguals (aOR, 0.29) were less likely to have an ADHD diagnosis than observationally similar White children, boys, or those from English-speaking households. Black children's under-diagnosis occurred among boys. Emergent bilingual children's under-diagnosis occurred among both boys and girls. Girls (aOR, 0.52) and emergent bilinguals (aOR, 0.24) with ADHD were less likely to use prescription medication. Sociodemographic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment occur among U.S. elementary schoolchildren. Measured confounds including independently assessed ADHD symptomatology and impairment do not explain the disparities. The findings empirically support cultural, linguistic, and biological sensitivity in the ADHD diagnostic and treatment procedures in use for the U.S. pediatric population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.