ArticleHeliyon2023
Optimisation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for plasma sample preparation in bioanalysis of CDK4/6 inhibitors in therapeutic combinations for breast cancer treatment.
Article in Heliyon, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and validation of a green dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-LC-MS/MS method for sotalol quantification in human plasma using central composite design optimization and pharmacokinetic application.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Miniaturised Extraction Techniques in Personalised Medicine: Analytical Opportunities and Translational Perspectives.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Intracellular Quantification of the CDK4/6 Inhibitor Abemaciclib and the EZH2 Inhibitors GSK126 and Tazemetostat.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Optimisation of Solid-Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Six Breast Cancer Drugs in Patient Plasma Samples.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cyclin D dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK 4/6) inhibitors are novel anticancer drugs used in therapeutic combinations with endocrine therapy for breast cancer treatment. Their determination in patient plasma is of high interest as a prerequisite for possible therapeutic drug monitoring. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) shows great potential in bioanalytical sample preparation. Its simplicity and speed, along with the suitability for using small amounts of sample and hazardous solvents are some of its main advantages. However, its application on plasma samples is scarce and requires further development. The aim of this work was to explore the applicability of DLLME in the simultaneous extraction of six drugs of interest from human plasma, with an emphasis placed on achieving high extraction recoveries with low sample and solvent consumption. To tackle the low availability and amount of the plasma sample, as well as the complexity of the biological matrix, three novel DLLME modes are proposed: organic sample DLLME (OrS-DLLME), aqueous sample DLLME (AqS-DLLME), and a modified air-assisted DLLME (AA-DLLME). The extractant and disperser type and volume, volume ratios of all the components in the ternary system, effect of pH and salting out were optimised for all three proposed modes of DLLME. Optimised representative DLLME-HPLC-DAD-FLD method was validated and shown to be linear (R > 0.994), precise (RSD ≤13.8%, interday), accurate (bias -13.1-13.1%, interday) and robust (relative effect -3.34-6.08%). Simultaneous extraction of all six drugs with high recoveries (81.65-95.58%) was achieved. Sample volumes used were as low as 50-100 μL, with necessary organic solvent volumes in μL ranges. Greenness scores obtained using the AGREE software were between 0.63 and 0.66, demonstrating compliance with green analytical chemistry principles. Finally, the validated method was successfully applied on breast cancer patient plasma samples.
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