ReviewThe Journal of infectious diseases2023
The Multiple Origins of Ebola Disease Outbreaks.
Review in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ebola virus and Sudan virus infection in humans: a comparison to inform vaccine research and development.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Review
- Validation of a Bayesian Ebola Diagnostic Model Using Data from the Tenth Epidemic of 2018 to 2020 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ebola Virus Disease in the Era of One Health and Global Preparedness: Evolving Epidemiology, Genomic Surveillance, and Future Challenges.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Drivers of Viral Spillover: An Examination of How Pathogens Spread.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A case of Bundibugyo virus disease treated with monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Bacterial Infection in Ebola Virus Disease, Marburg Virus Disease, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, and Lassa Fever.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Confirming ERVEBO Vaccination to Support Ebola Virus Surveillance.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Avian Metapneumovirus: Virology, Epidemiology, and Insights from a Comparative Analysis with Human Metapneumovirus-A Review.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Ebola virus disease: A persistent challenge in global health security.Open veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Links between infrastructure for human movement and early Ebola outbreak trajectories.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Advancing microbial ecology, microbiomes, and One Health in Africa: from regional initiatives to pan-African flagship programs.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Access to licenced vaccines for high-threat infectious diseases: a scoping review and interpretive analysis of Ebola virus disease.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Microbiomes of frozen blood plasma samples reveal potential pathogens in wild birds and rodents.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Serologic evidence of orthomarburgviruses and an orthoebolavirus in frugivorous Malagasy bats.One health outlook · 2025Article
- Article
- Theory of infectious disease spillover at an ecological boundary: impacts of seasonality and cross-boundary movement.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Bayesian predictive model of Ebola fatality: Tenth Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe origins of Ebola disease outbreaks remain enigmatic. Historically outbreaks have been attributed to spillover events from wildlife. However, recent data suggest that some outbreaks may originate from human-to-human transmission of prior outbreak strains instead of spillover. Clarifying the origins of Ebola disease outbreaks could improve detection and mitigation of future outbreaks.
methodsWe reviewed the origins of all Ebola disease outbreaks from 1976 to 2022 to analyze the earliest cases and characteristics of each outbreak. The epidemiology and phylogenetic relationships of outbreak strains were used to further identify the likely source of each outbreak.
resultsFrom 1976 to 2022 there were 35 Ebola disease outbreaks with 48 primary/index cases. While the majority of outbreaks were associated with wildlife spillover, resurgence of human-to-human transmission could account for roughly a quarter of outbreaks caused by Ebola virus. Larger outbreaks were more likely to lead to possible resurgence, and nosocomial transmission was associated with the majority of outbreaks.
conclusionsWhile spillover from wildlife has been a source for many Ebola disease outbreaks, multiple outbreaks may have originated from flare-ups of prior outbreak strains. Improving access to diagnostics as well as identifying groups at risk for resurgence of ebolaviruses will be crucial to preventing future outbreaks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.