SynthesisThe Journal of infectious diseases2023
Geographic and Population Distributions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 Circulating Subtypes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis (2010-2021).
Synthesis in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Virologic Failure and Emergent Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Drug Resistance With Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Treatment: A Meta-analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Pooled it
- Challenges in Elucidating HIV-1 Genetic Diversity in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review Based on a Systematic Search.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Functional SLC29A3/ENT3 drives autophagic clearance of intracellular viral particles.Virus research · 2026Article
- HIV-1 variants in population-based national surveys in sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-2022.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Amplicon-Based Multiregion Genomic Characterization of HIV-1 in a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Mexico: Antiretroviral Resistance Mutations and Subtype Diversity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- [Impact of HIV-1 genotypes and population mobility on HIV-1 transmission in Guangzhou: a molecular transmission network analysis].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- A geometric criterion links HIV-1 capsid topography to its biophysical properties and function.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Identifying Conserved Regions in HIV-1 Proteins by Entropy Analysis of Sequence Variability.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Preclinical Toxicological evaluation of the HIV entry inhibitor peptide 2P23 as a candidate rectovaginal microbicide.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Atlas of HIV cis-regulatory elements reveals extensive transcriptional variation across clades, isolates, and within individuals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Decoding the glycan shield: Immune recognition and response to the HIV-1 envelope trimer.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- The Implications of HIV-1 Subtypes on Pathogenesis, Reservoirs and Cure Strategies.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 recombinants: analysis of contemporary and historical viral populations in East Africa.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Frequent Detection of HIV-1 Variants With Mixed Coreceptor Usage Among People Who Inject Drugs Infected With CRF01_AE: Possible Association With Coreceptor Switch.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Geographical and temporal trends of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance in China: a nationwide study over two decades (2003-2024).The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Detection of HIV-1 Resistance Mutations to Antiretroviral Therapy and Cell Tropism in Russian Patients Using Next-Generation Sequencing.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- P-Selectin and Platelet-Monocyte Interaction in Inflammation: Mechanisms, Hypothesis, and Open Questions.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Ageing, health system implications, and a changing epidemic: organizational transitions and stigma dynamics in Philippine HIV care.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHIV poses significant challenges for vaccine development due to its high genetic mutation and recombination rates. Understanding the distribution of HIV subtypes (clades) across regions and populations is crucial. In this study, a systematic review of the past decade was conducted to characterize HIV-1/HIV-2 subtypes.
methodsA comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and CABI Global Health, yielding 454 studies from 91 countries.
resultsGlobally, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs)/unique recombinant forms (URFs) accounted for 29% of HIV-1 strains, followed by subtype C (23%) and subtype A (17%). Among studies reporting subtype breakdowns in key populations, 62% of HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and 38% among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) were CRF/URFs. Latin America and the Caribbean exhibited a 25% increase in other CRFs (excluding CRF01_AE or CRF02_AG) prevalence between 2010-2015 and 2016-2021.
conclusionsThis review underscores the global distribution of HIV subtypes, with an increasing prevalence of CRFs and a lower prevalence of subtype C. Data on HIV-2 were limited. Understanding subtype diversity is crucial for vaccine development, which need to elicit immune responses capable of targeting various subtypes. Further research is needed to enhance our knowledge and address the challenges posed by HIV subtype diversity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.