ArticlePLoS biology2023
Human microbiome variation associated with race and ethnicity emerges as early as 3 months of age.
Article in PLoS biology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut Microbiota Alterations Associated With Colonization by Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in ICU Patients: First Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Pooled it
- Suboptimal vitamin D status and overweight/obesity are associated with gut integrity and inflammation in minority children and adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis from the MetA-bone trial.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Trial
- Global gut microbiome atlas identifies epidemiologic-stage-specific signatures in inflammatory bowel disease.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Genome-wide association study and predictors of neonatal blood cell traits in Hispanic newborns.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Microbiologic Patterns Found in Periprosthetic Joint Infections Following Total Joint Arthroplasty Differ Across Race and Sex.Arthroplasty today · 2026Article
- Quantitative evaluation of microbiome sequencing resolution under varying experimental conditions using defined mock communities.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- SkinApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Sex-biased intratumoral microbiome influences tumor molecular and immune landscape and disease outcomes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Associations of the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic risk in adolescence: the HOME study.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- Harnessing the Microbiome in Cancer Immunotherapy: Regulation, Prediction, and Therapeutic Targeting.Annual review of immunology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiome and obesity care: Bridging dietary, surgical, and pharmacological interventions.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Review
- Microflora: a promising potential in the diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Linking interpersonal differences in gut microbiota composition and drug biotransformation activity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The gut-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease: early detection, microbial metabolites, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- The role of the gut microbiota in obesity-related metabolic diseases in the pediatric population.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding factors and gut microbiota dynamics in infants during the first year: a Beijing cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- The gut-brain axis and anxiety: investigating associations with diet, vigorous activity, and prior adversity.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Age-specific early-life gut microbiome associations with eczema and food allergies during early immune development.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2026Article
- Teaching critical histories of microbiology: two case studies.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human microbiome variation is linked to the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of many diseases and associates with race and ethnicity in the United States. However, the age at which microbiome variability emerges between these groups remains a central gap in knowledge. Here, we identify that gut microbiome variation associated with race and ethnicity arises after 3 months of age and persists through childhood. One-third of the bacterial taxa that vary across caregiver-identified racial categories in children are taxa reported to also vary between adults. Machine learning modeling of childhood microbiomes from 8 cohort studies (2,756 samples from 729 children) distinguishes racial and ethnic categories with 87% accuracy. Importantly, predictive genera are also among the top 30 most important taxa when childhood microbiomes are used to predict adult self-identified race and ethnicity. Our results highlight a critical developmental window at or shortly after 3 months of age when social and environmental factors drive race and ethnicity-associated microbiome variation and may contribute to adult health and health disparities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.