ArticleJMIR research protocols2023
Epidemiology of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome in the Kerala Einstein Study: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study.
Article in JMIR research protocols, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Migration Effects on Cognition: Protocol for the Aging in Kerala Americans Research Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Clinical and neuroimaging correlates of motoric cognitive risk syndrome in cerebral small vessel disease: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Apathy Is Associated with Slower Gait and Subjective Cognitive Complaints in a South Indian Community-Dwelling Cohort.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Sex-specific brain atrophy patterns associated with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Remote and Cross-Cultural Training of Research Assistants Abroad to Conduct Neuropsychological Tests: Lessons Learned.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Article
- Electrocardiographic markers in Motoric Cognitive Risk syndrome.Gerontology · 2025Article
- Translation and Validation of the Malayalam Version of the Subjective Happiness Scale.Social indicators research · 2025Article
- Correlates and Brain Substrates of Happiness in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in India.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Stratifying Risk for Cognitive Decline in Older Adult Populations using the Geriatric Depression Scale.Journal of psychiatry and cognitive behaviour · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe southern India state of Kerala has among the highest proportion of older adults in its population in the country. An increase in chronic age-related diseases such as dementia is expected in the older Kerala population. Identifying older individuals early in the course of cognitive decline offers the best hope of introducing preventive measures early and planning management. However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of predementia syndromes at the early stages of cognitive decline in older adults are not well established in India.
objectiveThe Kerala Einstein Study (KES) is a community-based cohort study that was established in 2008 and is based in the Kozhikode district in Kerala state. KES aims to establish risk factors and brain substrates of motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), a predementia syndrome characterized by the presence of slow gait and subjective cognitive concerns in individuals without dementia or disability. This protocol describes the study design and procedures for this KES project.
methodsKES is proposing to enroll a sample of 1000 adults ≥60 years old from urban and rural areas in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state: 200 recruited in the previous phase of KES and 800 new participants to be recruited in this project. MCR is the cognitive phenotype of primary interest. The associations between previously established risk factors for dementia as well as novel risk factors (apathy and traumatic brain injury) and MCR will be examined in KES. Risk factor profiles for MCR will be compared between urban and rural residents as well as with individuals who meet the criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cognitive and physical function, medical history and medications, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle patterns, and activities of daily living will be evaluated. Participants will also undergo magnetic resonance imaging and electrocardiogram investigations. Longitudinal follow-up is planned in a subset of participants as a prelude to future longitudinal studies.
resultsKES (2R01AG039330-07) was funded by the US National Institutes of Health in September 2019 and received approval from the Indian Medical Council of Research to start the study in June 2021. We had recruited 433 new participants from urban and rural sites in Kozhikode as of May 2023: 41.1% (178/433) women, 67.7% (293/433) rural residents, and 13.4% (58/433) MCR cases. Enrollment is actively ongoing at all the KES recruitment sites.
conclusionsKES will provide new insights into risk factors and brain substrates associated with MCR in India and will help guide future development of regionally specific preventive interventions for dementia. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/49933.
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