SynthesisSleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung2024
Diurnal variation in variables related to cognitive performance: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Strength Measures in Males, Where a Standardized Approach Has Been Employed
Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Repeated Sprint Performance in Males. Where a Standardized Approach Has Been Employed
Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and 4-km Time Trial Performance in Males. Where a Standardized Approach Has Been Employed
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Temperature, Mood, Reactive Agility and Cognitive Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Strength Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Dose-related effects of acute cycling on executive function in children with autism spectrum disorder: a within-subject repeated-measures study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Trial
- Time-of-Day Variations and Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Attention Assessed with the Attentional Demands Task.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Teaching at scale: a mixed-methods study of team-based learning analytics to enable early support in medical education.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Associations between chronotype, physical activity and cognition in a free-living setting.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- Swimming expertise is associated with enhanced suprasecond visual duration discrimination across silent and rhythmic contexts.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Differential Time-of-Day Effects of Caffeine Capsule and Mouth Rinse on Cognitive Performance in Adolescent Male Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Investigation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- How the time and type of physical education lessons affect attention capacity and cortisol levels in primary school children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Feasibility of an At-Home Experimental Circadian Misalignment Induction for Adolescents.Clocks & sleep · 2025Article
- Comparative transcriptomic rhythms in the mouse and human prefrontal cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- In Males with Adequate Dietary Needs Who Present No Sleep Disturbances, Is an Acute Intake of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate, Following Either Two Consecutive Nights of 8 or 4 h of Sleep Deprivation, Beneficial for Sleep and Morning Stroop Interference Performance?Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparative transcriptomic rhythms in the mouse and human prefrontal cortex.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of Simultaneous Combined Intervention for Enhancing Cognitive Function in Patients with Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- Patterns of Sleep and Napping in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Evaluation.Saudi journal of medicine & medical sciencesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe aim of this review was to assess current evidence regarding changes in cognitive function according to time-of-day (TOD) and assess the key components of research design related to manuscripts of chronobiological nature.
methodsAn English-language literature search revealed 523 articles through primary database searches, and 1868 via organization searches/citation searching. The inclusion criteria were met by eleven articles which were included in the review. The inclusion criteria set were healthy adult males, a minimum of two timepoints including morning and evening, cognitive measures of performance, and peer-reviewed academic paper.
resultsIt was established that cognitive performance varies with TOD and the degree of difference is highly dependent on the type of cognitive task with differences ranging from 9.0 to 34.2% for reaction time, 7.3% for alertness, and 7.8 to 40.3% for attention. The type of cognitive function was a determining factor as to whether the performance was better in the morning, evening, or afternoon.
conclusionAlthough some studies did not establish TOD differences, reaction time and levels of accuracy were highest in the evening. This implies that cognitive processes are complex, and existing research is contradictory. Some studies or cognitive variables did not show any measurable TOD effects, which may be due to differences in methodology, subjects involved, testing protocols, and confounding factors. No studies met all requirements related to chronobiological research, highlighting the issues around methodology. Therefore, future research must use a rigorous, approach, minimizing confounding factors that are specific to examinations of TOD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.