ArticleJournal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases2023
Clinical features, resistance patterns and treatment outcomes of drug-resistant extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: A scoping review.
Article in Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical effects of detailed nursing management interventions on medication adherence and disease perception in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Trial
- Improved detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lymph node aspirates through GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in Bangladesh.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
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- Article
- Chronic meningitis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin Treatment for Multi-Drug Resistant Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Canada: A Report.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
- Deciphering the population dynamics and drug-resistance characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: genomic and clinical insights from a Chinese hospital.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a threat to tuberculosis (TB) control. Extra-pulmonary forms of DR-TB (DR-epTB) are not well characterized. This review summarizes the clinical features, resistance patterns and treatment outcomes of DR-epTB. Methods: We searched EMBASE to identify studies that reported drug-resistance among extra-pulmonary TB sites. All age groups were included in this review. Studies which did not describe drug-resistance patterns at extra-pulmonary TB sites were excluded. We summarized the proportion of resistance to individual anti-TB drugs as well as multi-drug resistant (MDR), pre-extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. Results: Eighteen studies with a total of 10,222 patients with extra-pulmonary TB of whom 1,236 (12.0%) had DR-epTB, were included in this review. DR-epTB was mostly reported in young people aged 28 to 46 years. While TB meningitis is the most commonly studied form, adenitis is the commonest form of DR-epTB reported in 21% to 47%. Central nervous system TB (3.8% to 51.6%), pleural TB (11.3% to 25.9%), skeletal TB (9.4% to 18.1%), abdominal TB (4.3% to 6.5%), and disseminated TB (3.8%) are also encountered. The HIV co-infection rate is reported to be 5.0% to 81.3% while 2.6% to 25.4 % have diabetes mellitus. Clinical symptoms of DR-epTB are consistent with morbidity in the affected body system. Among patients with DR-epTB, the proportion of MDR TB was 5% to 53% while that for pre-XDR TB and XDR TB was 3% to 40% and 4% to 33%, respectively. Treatment success is achieved in 26% to 83% of patients with DR-epTB while death, treatment loss-to-follow up, and treatment failure occur in 2% to 76%, 7% to 15%, and 0% to 4% respectively. Patients with DR-epTB were reported to have poorer outcomes than those with pulmonary DR-TB and extra-pulmonary drug-susceptible TB. Conclusion: Clinical features of DR-epTB are similar to those observed among people with drug-susceptible EPTB but patients with DR-epTB post worse treatment outcomes.
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