ArticleNPJ science of food2023
Comparison of the relative impacts of acute consumption of an inulin-enriched diet, milk kefir or a commercial probiotic product on the human gut microbiome and metabolome.
Article in NPJ science of food, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Kefir: A Potential Gut Microbiota Modulator: A Systematic Review of Human Interventional Studies.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Pooled it
- Modulating the human gut microbiome and health markers through kombucha consumption: a controlled clinical study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- The gut-bone axis: microbial metabolism and nutritional interventions for bone health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Kefir Consumption and Health Effects Based on Human Clinical Trials: An Overview of Literature.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Comparative Profiling of Yeast Communities in Kefir Grains and Liquid Kefir Using ITS Amplicon Next-Generation Sequencing.International journal of food science · 2026Article
- The Effects of Kefir on the Human Oral and Gut Microbiome.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Unpacking Food Fermentation: Clinically Relevant Tools for Fermented Food Identification and Consumption.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It has been established that the human gut microbiota is central to health, and, consequently, there has been a growing desire to positively modulate its composition and/or function through, for example, the use of fermented foods, prebiotics or probiotics. Here, we compare the relative impact of the daily consumption of an inulin-enriched diet (n = 10), a commercial probiotic-containing fermented milk product (FMP) (n = 10), or a traditional kefir FMP (n = 9), over a 28-day period on the gut microbiome and urine metabolome of healthy human adults. None of the treatments resulted in significant changes to clinical parameters or biomarkers tested. However, shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed that kefir consumption resulted in a significant change in taxonomy, in the form of an increased abundance of the sub-dominant FMP-associated species Lactococcus raffinolactis, which further corresponded to shifts in the urine metabolome. Overall, our results indicated that daily consumption of a single portion of kefir alone resulted in detectable changes to the gut microbiota and metabolome of consumers.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.