ArticleCell reports. Medicine2023
Commensal bacteria promote azathioprine therapy failure in inflammatory bowel disease via decreasing 6-mercaptopurine bioavailability.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Probiotic-induced enrichment ofGut microbes · 2025Trial
- Exploring the gut microbiome and metabolomic interactions of antimetabolite drugs to optimize therapy.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- SAICAR Drives T Regulatory Cell Differentiation and FOXP3 Maintenance to Promote Immunotherapy Resistance.Cancer research · 2026Article
- The microbial metabolome: remodeling the therapeutic landscape in hematologic malignancies.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Decoding the gut microbiota-immune dialogue: from bidirectional axis to therapeutic applications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Probiotic novel strain Lactobacillus reuteri MRD01 alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in male mice by promoting intestinal barrier integrity.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- A Developmental Perspective on the Intestinal Microbiota in Crohn's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Colon-targeted microbiota-modulating nanoparticles amplify azathioprine efficacy via gut microbiota axis remodeling in inflammatory bowel disease.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics reveals microbial genomic variants driving altered host-microbe interactions in autism spectrum disorder.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Probiotic drug interactions in ulcerative colitis: a microbiota and metabolite perspective.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- The Role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CGMCC9513 in Alleviating Colitis by Synergistic Enhancement of the Intestinal Barrier Through Modulating Gut Microbiota and Activating the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Evaluating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) used for management of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2025Review
- Walnut kernel pellicle polyphenols: subcritical water extraction, digestive characteristics, and their effect on gut microbiota and metabolites.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Human xenobiotic metabolism proteins have full-length and split homologs in the gut microbiome.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Contemporary and prospective use of azathioprine (AZA) in viral, rheumatic, and dermatological disorders: a review of pharmacogenomic and nanotechnology applications.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Metagenomic global survey and in-depth genomic analyses of Ruminococcus gnavus reveal differences across host lifestyle and health status.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA) therapy failure, though not the primary cause, contributes to disease relapse and progression in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the role of gut microbiota in AZA therapy failure remains poorly understood. We found a high prevalence of Blautia wexlerae in patients with IBD with AZA therapy failure, associated with shorter disease flare survival time. Colonization of B. wexlerae increased inflammatory macrophages and compromised AZA's therapeutic efficacy in mice with intestinal colitis. B. wexlerae colonization reduced 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) bioavailability by enhancing selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase (sd-XDH) activity. The enzyme sd-XDH converts 6-MP into its inactive metabolite, 6-thioxanthine (6-TX), thereby impairing its ability to inhibit inflammation in mice. Supplementation with Bacillus (B.) subtilis enriched in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) effectively mitigated B. wexlerae-induced AZA treatment failure in mice with intestinal colitis. These findings emphasize the need for tailored management strategies based on B. wexlerae levels in patients with IBD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.