ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2024
Autism Prevalence and the Intersectionality of Assigned Sex at Birth, Race, and Ethnicity on Age of Diagnosis.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of Autism in Women: Invisibilised Profiles and Gender Bias.Revista de neurologia · 2026Pooled it
- Experiences of females on the autism spectrum through the perspective of minority stress theory: a review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Who, when, where, and why: A systematic review of "late diagnosis" in autism.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- Associations Between Sociodemographic Predictors and Age of Referral for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Diagnosis Since the Beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Understanding disparities in autism diagnosis and care: A socioecological perspective.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Rosiglitazone Adjunct to Risperidone for Irritability in Autistic Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Sex Differences and Parent-Teacher Discrepancies in Reports of Autism Traits: Evidence for Camouflaging in a School Setting.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- A Review on Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening by Artificial Intelligence Methods.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Review
- Biological sex, microglial signaling pathways, and radiation exposure shape cortical proteomic profiles and behavior in mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Parental concerns correspond to earliest age of autism diagnosis in increased likelihood infant cohort.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAn official autism diagnosis is required to access timely intervention and is associated with better long-term wellbeing and mental health. Certain demographic characteristics, such as being female or a racially or ethnically minoritized youth, have been associated with significant diagnostic lag. However, it remains unclear how assigned sex, race, and ethnicity interact with each other in predicting the prevalence and age of autism diagnosis.
methodsTo examine the interactions between assigned sex, race, and ethnicity, we used data from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH; 2016 > 2021).
resultsOne in 38 children had an autism diagnosis and 3.8 males were diagnosed per 1 female. Hierarchical linear regressions yielded diagnostic delays in some females, particularly those who were non-Hispanic white, Black, and Asian. Ethnic and racial minority children had significantly earlier diagnoses than white and non-Hispanic children when not accounting for sex.
conclusionThis study demonstrates slight increases in reported autism prevalence, a diagnostic lag in some autistic females that was strongly associated with ethnicity, and earlier diagnoses in racial and ethnic minority youth, a finding that may be explained by factors associated with phenotypic differences. This study has important implications for the diagnosis of minority autistic youth, particularly females and females who are non-Hispanic, who may experience a greater propensity for diagnostic delays.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.