SynthesisJournal of neurology2023
Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in COVID-19: a review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer's disease?Trends in neurosciences · 2025Review
- The effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A narrative review.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2025Review
- Long-term neurocognitive outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination- or Infection-related Trigeminal Neuralgia/Radiculitis.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2024Article
- Article
- Viral Entry Inhibitors Protect against SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neurite Shortening in Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells.Viruses · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionNeurological involvement can occur in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections, resulting in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cytokine alterations are associated with neurological symptoms in COVID-19. We performed a review of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with COVID-19.
methodsTwo reviewers independently searched PubMed for all relevant articles published prior to November 11, 2022. Active SARS-CoV-2 infection and CSF cytokine analyses were required for inclusion.
resultsThree-hundred forty-six patients with COVID-19 and 356 controls from 28 studies were included. SARS-CoV-2 PCR was positive in the CSF of 0.9% (3/337) of patients with COVID-19. Thirty-seven different cytokines were elevated in the CSF of patients with COVID-19 when compared to controls and the standards set forth by individual assays used in each study. Of the 37 cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8 were most commonly elevated. CSF IL-6 is elevated in 60%, and CSF IL-8 is elevated in 51% of patients with COVID-19.
conclusionLevels of several inflammatory cytokines are elevated in the CSF of patients with COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 PCR is often not isolated in the CSF of patients with COVID-19. Many patients with COVID-19 have neurological symptoms and given the cytokine elevations in the absence of detectable viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid; further study of the CSF cytokine profiles and pathogenesis of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 is needed.
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Registered trials
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