ArticleBMC health services research2023
The impact of the three-level collaboration exercise on collaboration and leadership during scenario-based hospital evacuation exercises using flexible surge capacity concept: a mixed method cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC health services research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrating Primary Health Care into Flexible Surge Capacity: Bridging the Subnational "Missing Middle" in Health Emergency Preparedness.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Proactive postgraduate education in disaster medicine and preparedness for enhanced disaster management.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- People as frontliners in the management of disasters and public health emergencies.AIMS public health · 2026Review
- Developing a conceptual framework to facilitate inter-organizational partnership in disasters and public health emergencies.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Can hotels be used as alternative care sites in disasters and public health emergencies-A narrative review.AIMS public health · 2024Review
- An integrative review of implementation science in climate change and health adaptation researchThe journal of climate change and healthReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHospitals play a crucial role in responding to disasters and public health emergencies. However, they are also vulnerable to threats such as fire or flooding and can fail to respond or evacuate adequately due to unpreparedness and lack of evacuation measures. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction has emphasised the importance of partnerships and capacity building in disaster response. One effective way to improve and develop disaster response is through exercises that focus on collaboration and leadership. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of using the 3-level collaboration (3LC) exercise in developing collaboration and leadership in districts in Thailand, using the concept of flexible surge capacity (FSC) and its collaborative tool during a hospital evacuation simulation.
methodsA mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted with 40 participants recruited from disaster-response organisations and communities. The data from several scenario-based simulations were collected according to the collaborative elements (Command and control, Safety, Communication, Assessment, Triage, Treatment, Transport), in the disaster response education, "Major Incident Medical Management and Support" using self-evaluation survey pre- and post-exercises, and direct observation.
resultsThe 3LC exercise effectively facilitated participants to gain a mutual understanding of collaboration, leadership, and individual and organisational flexibility. The exercise also identified gaps in communication and the utilisation of available resources. Additionally, the importance of early community engagement was highlighted to build up a flexible surge capacity during hospital evacuation preparedness.
conclusionsthe 3LC exercise is valuable for improving leadership skills and multiagency collaboration by incorporating the collaborative factors of Flexible Surge Capacity concept in hospital evacuation preparedness.
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Registered trials
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