ArticleChemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society2023
Unveiling the Rational Development of Stimuli-Responsive Silk Fibroin-Based Ionogel Formulations.
Article in Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamic Silk Fibroin Hydrogels for Programmable Bioactuation and Smart Shape Deformation: Mechanisms, Performance Evaluation, and Biomedical Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Aligned silk fibroin fiber conduits with enhanced capability for guiding peripheral nerve repair.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Thermoreversible Ionogel for Enhanced Nose-to-brain Delivery of Tetrabenazine Hydrochloride: Optimization by Central Composite Design and In Vitro Ex Vivo Evaluation.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Design Principles for Engineering Ionic Liquid-Gold Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Delivery to the Brain.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Magnetic Ionogel and Its Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Stimuli-Responsive Self-Healing Ionic Gels: A Promising Approach for Dermal and Tissue Engineering Applications.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2025Review
- Progress in Multiscale Modeling of Silk Materials.Biomacromolecules · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We present an approach for the rational development of stimuli-responsive ionogels which can be formulated for precise control of multiple unique ionogel features and fill niche pharmaceutical applications. Ionogels are captivating materials, exhibiting self-healing characteristics, tunable mechanical and structural properties, high thermal stability, and electroconductivity. However, the majority of ionogels developed require complex chemistry, exhibit high viscosity, poor biocompatibility, and low biodegradability. In our work, we overcome these limitations. We employ a facile production process and strategically integrate silk fibroin, the biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) choline acetate ([Cho][OAc]), choline dihydrogen phosphate ([Cho][DHP]), and choline chloride ([Cho][Cl]), traditional pharmaceutical excipients, and the model antiepileptic drug phenobarbital. In the absence of ILs, we failed to observe gel formation; yet in the presence of ILs, thermoresponsive ionogels formed. Systems were assessed via visual tests, transmission electron microscopy, confocal reflection microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential and rheology measurements. We formed diverse ionogels of strengths ranging between 18 and 642 Pa. Under 25 °C storage, formulations containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) showed an ionogel formation period ranging over 14 days, increasing in the order of [Cho][DHP], [Cho][OAc], and [Cho][Cl]. Formulations lacking PVP showed an ionogel formation period ranging over 32 days, increasing in the order of [Cho][OAc], [Cho][DHP] and [Cho][Cl]. By heating from 25 to 60 °C, immediately following preparation, thermoresponsive ionogels formed below 41 °C in the absence of PVP. Based on our experimental results and density functional theory calculations, we attribute ionogel formation to macromolecular crowding and confinement effects, further enhanced upon PVP inclusion. Holistically, applying our rational development strategy enables the production of ionogels of tunable physicochemical and rheological properties, enhanced drug solubility, and structural and energetic stability. We believe our rational development approach will advance the design of biomaterials and smart platforms for diverse drug delivery applications.
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Registered trials
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