ArticleFrontiers in robotics and AI2023
The potential of robot eyes as predictive cues in HRI-an eye-tracking study.
Article in Frontiers in robotics and AI, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictive robot eyes shape visual attention, performance, and trust in interaction with an industrial CoBot.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Eye-Tracked Visual Attention to Anthropomorphic Appearance and Empathic Responses in AI Medical Conversational Agents: Dissociating Trust Gains from Attentional Synergy.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Predictive robot eyes enhance attentional guidance in cooperative human-robot interaction.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Robots currently provide only a limited amount of information about their future movements to human collaborators. In human interaction, communication through gaze can be helpful by intuitively directing attention to specific targets. Whether and how this mechanism could benefit the interaction with robots and how a design of predictive robot eyes in general should look like is not well understood. In a between-subjects design, four different types of eyes were therefore compared with regard to their attention directing potential: a pair of arrows, human eyes, and two anthropomorphic robot eye designs. For this purpose, 39 subjects performed a novel, screen-based gaze cueing task in the laboratory. Participants' attention was measured using manual responses and eye-tracking. Information on the perception of the tested cues was provided through additional subjective measures. All eye models were overall easy to read and were able to direct participants' attention. The anthropomorphic robot eyes were most efficient at shifting participants' attention which was revealed by faster manual and saccadic reaction times. In addition, a robot equipped with anthropomorphic eyes was perceived as being more competent. Abstract anthropomorphic robot eyes therefore seem to trigger a reflexive reallocation of attention. This points to a social and automatic processing of such artificial stimuli.
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