ArticleToxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology2024
Basis of movement control in dystonia and why botulinum toxin should influence it?
Article in Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- How Do Oral Medications, Botulinum Toxin Use, and Treatment Burden Change after Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia?Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Sustained anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm patients beyond motor symptom control.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Risk of Cervical Spine Complications in Individuals with Cervical Dystonia Treated with Botulinum Toxin Therapy.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Role of Accelerated Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation in Hand Dystonia: From Acute Phase to Maintenance Treatment.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Neurorehabilitation in Dystonia Care: Key Questions of Who Benefits, What Modalities, and When to Intervene.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Brain network pathophysiology in dystonia.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Clinical and physiological characteristics of tremor in a large cohort of focal and segmental dystonia.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Dystonia is a network disorder involving multiple brain regions, such as the motor cortex, sensory cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is the first-line therapy for treating focal dystonia and is a potent molecule that blocks the release of acetylcholine at the peripheral neuromuscular junction. However, the clinical benefits of BoNT are not solely related to peripheral muscle relaxation or modulation of afferent input from the muscle spindle. An increasing body of evidence, albeit in smaller cohorts, has shown that BoNT leads to distant modulation of the pathological brain substrates implicated in dystonia. A single treatment session of BoNT has been observed to reduce excessive motor excitability and improve sensory processing. Furthermore, owing to plasticity effects that are induced by botulinum, neural reorganization of pathological networks occurs, presumably leading to defective motor programs of dystonia replaced with normal movement patterns. However, longitudinal studies investigating the effects of multiple treatment sessions in large, well-characterized homogenous cohorts of dystonia will provide further compelling evidence supporting central botulinum mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.