ReviewJournal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society2023
Preclinical tendon and ligament models: Beyond the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) to 5W1H (why, who, what, where, when, how).
Review in Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Hypothalamic Oxytocinergic-Sympathetic Axis Couples Anxiety Dysregulation With Impaired Tendon-Bone Repair.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A human synovial tendon-on-a-chip models key features of peritendinous adhesions and offers a new approach methodology for testing anti-fibrotic drugs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Grafts in tendon repair.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Comparative Analysis of Tendon Healing in a Clinically Relevant Mouse Model of Achilles Tendon Repair.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2026Article
- Design of a card-based operational framework for the implementation of inclusive representation in clinical trials.Trials · 2026Article
- Physeal-sparing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in an early adolescent porcine model provides better anterior stability but similar tissue function compared to a juvenile porcine model.Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) · 2025Article
- Ex vivo robotic measurement of the acute biomechanical impact of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in rats.Journal of biomechanics · 2025Article
- Regeneration of Biomechanically Functional Tendon Tissue Following Injection of Uncultured, Autologous, Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells into Partial Achilles Tendon Defects in Rabbits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms of ECM remodeling in rotator cuff tendons under hyperlipidemic conditions.Life sciences · 2025Article
- Morphometric analysis of rat and mouse musculoskeletal tissues using high field MRI.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Achilles tendinopathy.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Human Tendon-on-a-Chip for Modeling the Myofibroblast Microenvironment in Peritendinous Fibrosis.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Modulation of EGR1 Expression by Hyperglycemia in Swine Rotator Cuff Tendons.Journal of orthopaedics and sports medicine · 2025Article
- Tendon regeneration deserves better: focused review onFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Enthesitis on Chip - A Model for Studying Acute and Chronic Inflammation of the Enthesis and its Pharmacological Treatment.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Enhancement of Surgical Flexor Tendon Repair in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Engineering an extracellular matrix-functionalized, load-bearing tendon substitute for effective repair of large-to-massive tendon defects.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
- Evaluation of suitable reference genes for qPCR normalisation of gene expression in a Achilles tendon injury model.PloS one · 2024Article
- Special issue: Guiding the future of tendon research.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2023Article
- CatWalk XT Gait Parameters Associated with Mouse Achilles Tendon Injury and Healing.Muscles, ligaments and tendons journalArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Several tendon and ligament animal models were presented at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society Tendon Section Conference held at the University of Pennsylvania, May 5 to 7, 2022. A key objective of the breakout sessions at this meeting was to develop guidelines for the field, including for preclinical tendon and ligament animal models. This review summarizes the perspectives of experts for eight surgical small and large animal models of rotator cuff tear, flexor tendon transection, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and Achilles tendon injury using the framework: "Why, Who, What, Where, When, and How" (5W1H). A notable conclusion is that the perfect tendon model does not exist; there is no single gold standard animal model that represents the totality of tendon and ligament disease. Each model has advantages and disadvantages and should be carefully considered in light of the specific research question. There are also circumstances when an animal model is not the best approach. The wide variety of tendon and ligament pathologies necessitates choices between small and large animal models, different anatomic sites, and a range of factors associated with each model during the planning phase. Attendees agreed on some guiding principles including: providing clear justification for the model selected, providing animal model details at publication, encouraging sharing of protocols and expertise, improving training of research personnel, and considering greater collaboration with veterinarians. A clear path for translating from animal models to clinical practice was also considered as a critical next step for accelerating progress in the tendon and ligament field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.