ArticleBMC public health2023
The prevalence and economic burden of treatment-resistant depression in Thailand.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of probiotic supplement on improvement of depressive symptoms in patients with substance-induced depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.BMC psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Global economic burden of depression in 154 countries from 2025 to 2050.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Lidocaine for Depressive Symptoms and Comorbid Pain: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Evidence, and Safety.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- The Burden of Epilepsy in Thailand: Estimating Societal Costs and Quality of Life.Behavioural neurology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Active Ingredients and Core Targets of Erxia Decoction in the Treatment of Sleep Disorder by Integration of Network Pharmacology and Proteomics.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2026Article
- Hearing Loss Is Associated With Depression and Dysthymia in the All of Us Research Program.The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- The Association Between Hearing Loss and Depression in a Large Electronic Health Record System.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of anFood science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Substantial Impact of Later-Life Depression Among Community Older Adults on the Family Caregivers' Burden in the Home Care Setting of Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Article
- Facts and myths about use of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: a narrative clinical review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe objectives of this study were to investigate the proportion of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) among patients with diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD) and undergoing antidepressant treatment, to estimate the economic cost of MDD, TRD, and non-treatment-resistant depression (non-TRD), and to examine the differences between TRD and non-TRD MDD in a Thai public tertiary hospital.
methodsThis was a combined study between retrospective review of medical records and a cross-sectional survey. The sample size was 500 dyads of antidepressant-treated MDD patients and their unpaid caregivers. MDD patients' medical records, the concept of healthcare resource utilization, the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: depression and mood & mental state versions (WPAI: D, MM), the Class Impairment Questionnaire (CIQ), and the Family Experiences Interview Schedule (FEIS) were applied as the tools of the study. Pearson Chi's square, Fisher's Exact test, and independent T-test were employed for statistical analysis.
resultsThe proportion of TRD was 19.6% among antidepressant-treated MDD patients in a Thai tertiary public hospital. The results of the study indicated that several factors showed a statistically significant association with TRD criteria. These factors included younger age of MDD patients, a younger age of onset of MDD, lower body mass index (BMI), a history of suicide attempts and self-harm, as well as frequent smoking behavior. The annualized economic cost of TRD was 276,059.97 baht per person ($7,668.33), which was significantly higher than that of cost of non-TRD (173,487.04 baht or $4,819.08). The aggregated economic costs of MDD were 96.8 million baht annually ($2.69 M) if calculated from 500 MDD patients and unpaid caregivers. This contributed to the economic cost of TRD 27.05 million baht (98 respondents) and the economic cost of non-TRD 69.74 million baht (402 respondents).
conclusionsThe economic burden associated with TRD was significantly higher compared to non-TRD among antidepressant-treated MDD patients. Specifically, both direct medical costs and indirect costs were notably elevated in the TRD group.
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