ReviewExpert review of vaccines
Sporozoite immunization: innovative translational science to support the fight against malaria.
Review in Expert review of vaccines. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a condensed, multi-dose prime regimen of PfSPZ Vaccine for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection.Malaria journal · 2025Trial
- Single immunization with genetically attenuated Pf∆mei2 (GA2) parasites by mosquito bite in controlled human malaria infection: a placebo-controlled randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against malaria in healthy adults and women anticipating pregnancy in Mali: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Implementation of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Live Attenuated Malaria Sporozoite Vaccines in an Indonesian Military Study Population.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Trial
- Innate immune sensing of Plasmodium sporozoite cell traversal drives protective T cell responses.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Pan-African hybridization of PfSPZ increases antigenic diversity and replicative capacity for malaria vaccine design.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Effects of Drug Resistance on the Global Spread of Malaria: A Systematic Literature Review.Health science reports · 2026Review
- Malaria Prevention: Progress to Date.Drugs · 2026Review
- Article
- The endemic dilemma: why whole sporozoite malaria vaccine efficacy falls in the field.Trends in parasitology · 2026Review
- Applying principles of vaccine development to oncomicrobial vaccines.Blood advances · 2025Review
- Influence of biophysical and biochemical cues on Plasmodium sporozoite dynamics in skin tissue.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Better late than never: defining the ideal vaccine that targets pre-erythrocytic malaria infection.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Article
- The path from early- to late-liver stage arresting genetically attenuated parasites as a malaria vaccination strategy.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Protection from malaria infection using liver-targeted siRNA.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- Article
- Correlative humoral and cellular immunity to genetically attenuated malaria parasites in humans.iScience · 2025Article
- Assessment of Health Status and Creation of a Registry of Potential Research Participants Aged 1.5 to 50 Years on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Controlled Human Infection Studies Accelerate Vaccine Development.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A Plasmodium LARC GAP provides preerythrocytic, stage and species transcending protection in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
46 authors at 15 institutions in 12 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMalaria, a devastating febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites, sickened 247,000,000 people in 2021 and killed 619,000, mostly children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. A highly effective vaccine is urgently needed, especially for AREAS COVERED: Sporozoites (SPZ), the parasite stage transmitted by EXPERT OPINION: First generation (radiation-attenuated) PfSPZ vaccines are safe, well tolerated, 80-100% efficacious against homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) and provide 18-19 months protection without boosting in Africa. Second generation chemo-attenuated PfSPZ are more potent, 100% efficacious against stringent heterologous (variant strain) CHMI, but require a co-administered drug, raising safety concerns. Third generation, late liver stage-arresting, replication competent (LARC), genetically-attenuated PfSPZ are expected to be both safe and highly efficacious. Overall, PfSPZ vaccines meet safety, tolerability, and efficacy requirements for protecting pregnant women and travelers exposed to Pf in Africa, with licensure for these populations possible within 5 years. Protecting children and mass vaccination programs to block transmission and eliminate malaria are long-term objectives. Introduction Malaria, a devastating febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites, sickened 247,000,000 people in 2021 and killed 619,000, mostly children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. A highly effective vaccine is urgently needed, especially for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), the deadliest human malaria parasite. Areas covered Sporozoites (SPZ), the parasite stage transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes to humans, are the only vaccine immunogen achieving >90% efficacy against Pf infection. This review describes >30 clinical trials of PfSPZ vaccines in the U.S.A., Europe, Africa, and Asia, based on first-hand knowledge of the trials and PubMed searches of ‘sporozoites,’ ‘malaria,’ and ‘vaccines.’ Expert opinion First generation (radiation-attenuated) PfSPZ vaccines are safe, well tolerated, 80–100% efficacious against homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) and provide 18–19 months protection without boosting in Africa. Second generation chemo-attenuated PfSPZ are more potent, 100% efficacious against stringent heterologous (variant strain) CHMI, but require a co-administered drug, raising safety concerns. Third generation, late liver stage-arresting, replication competent (LARC), genetically-attenuated PfSPZ are expected to be both safe and highly efficacious. Overall, PfSPZ vaccines meet safety, tolerability, and efficacy requirements for protecting pregnant women and travelers exposed to Pf in Africa, with licensure for these populations possible within 5 years. Protecting children and mass vaccination programs to block transmission and eliminate malaria are long-term objectives.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.