ArticleCancers2023
Postoperative Changes in Systemic Immune Tolerance Following Major Oncologic versus Minor Maxillofacial Surgery.
Article in Cancers, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression of the immune checkpoint CD137/CD137L in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and association with histopathological parameters.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Article
- Does surgery affect systemic immune response? a perioperative analysis of TGF-β, IL-8 and CD45RO.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is increasing evidence of the benefits of adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the treatment of solid malignancies like oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To optimize (neo-)adjuvant treatment, the systemic immunomodulatory effects of tumor surgery itself need to be considered. Currently, there is little evidence on the immunological effects of major surgery, such as free microvascular flap reconstruction. The current study aims to analyze how and to what extent maxillofacial surgery affects systemic parameters of immune tolerance.
methodsA total of 50 peripheral whole blood samples from patients (Group 1 (G1) = extensive OSCC surgery; Group 2 (G2) = free flap reconstruction without persistent malignant disease; Group 3 (G3) = minor maxillofacial surgery) undergoing surgery were included for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to examine changes in mRNA expression of the biomarkers IL-6, IL-10, FOXP3, and PD-L1. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after surgery as well as on the second, fourth, and tenth postoperative days. Differences in mRNA expression between groups and time points were calculated using statistical tests, including Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson correlation analysis.
resultsComparing postoperative expression of G1 and G3, there was a significantly higher PD-L1 expression (
conclusionExtensive surgery in OSCC patients is associated with a transient shift toward postoperative systemic immune tolerance compared with patients undergoing minor surgery. However, even extensive surgery causes no signs of long-lasting systemic immunosuppression. The degree of immune tolerance that occurred was associated with the duration of surgery. This supports efforts to minimize the duration of surgery.
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