ArticleBMC public health2023
Gender differences in the association of individual and contextual socioeconomic status with hypertension in 230 Latin American cities from the SALURBAL study: a multilevel analysis.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding Cancer Health Disparities.Cancers · 2026Review
- Article
- Diet diversity and blood pressure in women of childbearing age in Guatemala: analysis based on a population nutritional surveillance system 2016-2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Hypertension control in resource-constrained settings: Bridging socioeconomic gaps with predictive insights.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025Article
- Racial and Gender Discrimination When Tailoring Medical Management to Hypertension Treatment in Latin America.American journal of hypertension · 2025Review
- Gender Differences in Social Determinants of Hypertension Among Older Brazilian Adults Residing in Urban Areas: A Multilevel Approach from the ELSI-Urbe.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Association of socio-economic environment and women's empowerment with daily fruit and vegetable intake in Latin American cities: a multilevel study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Effects of an urban cable car intervention on quality of life: an observational, quasi-experimental study in Bogotá, Colombia (TrUST).Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Urban Environments, Health, and Environmental Sustainability: Findings From the SALURBAL Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Review
- Hypertension in Latin America and the Caribbean: an analysis of recent progress and remaining challenges.Jornal brasileiro de nefrologiaReview
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Abstract
backgroundDespite global interest in gender disparities and social determinants of hypertension, research in urban areas and regions with a high prevalence of hypertension, such as Latin America, is very limited. The objective of this study was to examine associations of individual- and area-level socioeconomic status with hypertension in adults living in 230 cities in eight Latin America countries.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we used harmonized data from 109,184 adults (aged 18-97 years) from the SALURBAL (Salud Urbana en America Latina/Urban Health in Latin America) project. Hypertension was assessed by self-report. Individual-, sub-city- and city-level education were used as proxies of socioeconomic status. All models were stratified by gender.
resultsHigher individual-level education was associated with lower odds of hypertension among women (university education or higher versus lower than primary: odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61-0.74) but higher odds among men (OR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.47-1.86), although in men an inverse association emerged when measured blood pressure was used (OR = 0.86; 95%CI 0.76-0.97). For both genders, living in sub-city areas with higher educational achievement was associated with higher odds of hypertension (OR per standard deviation [SD] = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.02-1.12; OR = 1.11 per SD, 95%CI = 1.05-1.18, for women and men, respectively). The association of city-level education with hypertension varied across countries. In Peru, there was an inverse association (higher city level education was associated with lower odds of hypertension) in women and men, but in other countries no association was observed. In addition, the inverse association of individual-level education with hypertension became stronger (in women) or emerged (in men) as city or sub-city education increased.
conclusionThe social patterning of hypertension differs by gender and by the level of analysis highlighting the importance of context- and gender-sensitive approaches and policies to reduce the prevalence of hypertension in Latin America.
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